This study aimed to enhance the Inpari 42 rice variety by integrating the aromatic trait through Marker-Assisted Backcrossing (MAB) while improving key agronomic characteristics in the BC1F1 generation. The aromatic gene from Merah Wangi was successfully introgressed into BC1F1 plants, confirmed through molecular analysis using the Bradbury marker, which detects mutations in the
This research was conducted to evaluate the contribution of four candidate genes —
This research attempted to validate novel molecular markers linked to high antioxidant traits using an F2 population and a local Thai rice population. We performed total flavonoid content, total phenolic content (TPC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays to assess the antioxidant capacities of rice populations. In the F2 (“Pathum Thani 1”דHawm Mali Daeng”) population, these traits exhibited a quantitative distribution with high heritability (82.7%–98.3%) and high genetic advance (66%–94%). In validation using 10 molecular markers,
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Rice blast, caused by the pathogenic fungus
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Plant breeding relies on genetic variation to produce new and improved cultivars. One way to obtain novel traits is by inducing mutations. The present study aimed to create a Fusarium crown rot (FCR) and Fusarium head blight (FHB)-resistant mutagenized wheat population using ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) and identify mutant resistance to FCR and FHB, which could provide a starting point for resistance breeding. The optimal mutagenesis conditions were determined based on the germination percentage. This study used six Chinese wheat cultivars, namely Jimai22, Hengguan35, Shixin828, Gaoyou2018, Keiwei20, and Keiwei18, to create a mutant population by treating them with EMS. For Shixin828, the optimal condition was 0.8% EMS with a 50-55% germination rate. For Hengguan35 and Jimai22, it was 0.6% EMS. For Gaoyou2018 and Kewei20, it was 0.8% and 0.4-0.6%, respectively. The FCR disease index of the mutant lines (M1) ranged from 10.00 to 77.67. For M2, the number of individual mutant plants demonstrating resistance to FCR varied from 76 to 102. In M3, 570 healthy plants were obtained using various EMS concentrations. The mutant line Kewei18 demonstrated the most resistance to FCR, FHB, and Deoxynivalenol (DON) infection. Kewei20 mutants had a higher FHB susceptibility than other mutants. Overall, mutants from the Kewei18 genetic background displayed better disease resistance to both diseases and DON contamination than natural plants. Mutants with or moderate resistance to FCR and FHB could be used in breeding and genetic studies to identify FHB and FCR-resistant Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) in wheat.
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Inbred lines generated from 10 maize population developed between 1979 and 2008 were used to investigate the inbreeding depression of tropical maize varieties developed at different breeding eras and evaluated in (optimal and stressed) condition. Across all the environments used for this study, estimates of inbred depression (I) for grain yield which ranged from 15.63% for optimum environment to 35.85 under stem borer infestation, showed differences in the severity of the effects of practicing inbreeding in each of the populations and the different environments. The highest values of inbreeding depression for grain yield were recorded under stem borer infestation. The effect of inbreeding was the most severe for var. DMR-LSR-W under borer infestation and least for DMR-LSR-Y in stress free environment. This is an indication that the responses of the maize populations to inbreeding as well as the rate of attaining homozygosity differed with environments. Across the four different environments under which the genotypes were evaluated, average inbreeding depression for grain yield were greater relative to other traits considered which should be expected since grain yield is a quantitatively inherited trait, governed by many genes each with minor effects.
Rice is one of the most important sources of energy for Iranians. Currently, approximately four million tons of paddy are produced annually in 19 provinces of the country. More than 50 new rice cultivars have been introduced in Iran over the last 60 years. The average yield of rice in these years has increased from 2 t ha‒1 to nearly 5 t ha‒1 in farmers’ paddies, although some improved cultivars can produce up to 9 t ha‒1. The main strategy of rice breeding in Iran during the first 40 years was purifying local populations, introducing foreign lines, and producing high-yielding cultivars by cross-breeding and mutagenesis. Meanwhile, the production of high-quality cultivars from crosses between local varieties and high-yielding cultivars has been more emphasized recently. In this review, along with introducing improved varieties of Iranian rice and their characteristics, different improvement methods for creating these varieties are mentioned. Along with traditional breeding methods, it seems that Marker-assisted breeding and breeding by rational design can play important roles in the future of rice breeding in Iran.
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The conventional soybean breeding program by single seed descent method required around 8 to 9 years to develop a cultivar. Through the advancement of breeding techniques, such as marker-assisted selection, required resources could be significantly saved, but the generation advancement step still slows down the entire soybean breeding program time course. In this study, 28 soybean varieties were tested to find the optimal speed breeding conditions for soybeans that could rapidly advance one generation with 2 light sources, 3 light conditions, and 2 planting densities. Plants were kept under short-day conditions (9 hours light/15 hours dark). We optimized the growth conditions for shortening the period of soybean generation progression based on speed breeding. The optimizing conditions are as follows. (1) Irradiation using LED light source for 9 hours, (2) 506 mmol/(m2∙s) of PPFD at 30 cm from the ground, (3) Planting density of 5 cm × 5 cm, (4) temperature of 25℃ ± 2℃ and (5) humidity of 50% ± 10%. If this condition is used, soybeans can be advanced by one generation within an average of 73 days. It is possible to advance five generations a year using only indoor speed-breeding system. Furthermore, if it includes the development of lines in the field, four generation per year, which is advance three generations using indoor speed-breeding system and one generation in the field, is allowed to increase soybean breeding speed with minimum input.
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The coffee value chain is a source of livelihood for millions of people across the world and yet the resilience of coffee is limited by the relatively narrow genetic base among commercial coffee cultivars. A study was conducted to determine genetic variation, heritability estimates and relationships among coffee genotypes in Zimbabwe. Quantitative morphological characteristics of twelve genotypes were recorded under field conditions. There were significant variations in coffee yield, plant height, stem girth, number of primary branches, number of bearing branches, internode length and leaf characteristics, with no significant variations in seed characteristics and number of nodes. Broad sense heritability estimates for the quantitative traits ranged from 0.03% to 91.4%, being highest for plant height, coffee yield, stem girth, leaf length and leaf area. The implications are that coffee yield and plant height are independent of significant environmental influences while seed, branching traits and leaf traits are influenced by the environment in their expression. Yield was significantly correlated to branches per plant, plant height, seed traits and stem girth. Clustering of genotypes was influenced by plant height, yield and stem girth. Overall, few traits were important in distinguishing coffee genotypes, implying narrow diversity. Hybridization, further introductions from other producer countries, coffee gene banks and/or introductions from the wild, and concerted germplasm conservation efforts are recommended.
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Rice Breeding in Bangladesh started with establishment of Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) in 1970. It aimed at developing modern rice cultivars to benefit farmers. Among BRRI developed varieties, BR11 is considered as most popular Transplanted Aman cultivar having high yield (6.0 t/ha), bold grain and high amylose content. On the other hand, BRRI dhan28 and BRRI dhan29 are most popular Boro rice varieties for Irrigated areas. Because, they produce high yield across diverse rice growing areas. BRRI dhan29 is widely grown in haors where rice is grown once in a year. BRRI dhan28 and BRRI dhan29 accounted for 50% of total Boro rice areas. As a whole, the popularity of the cultivars BR11, BRRI dhan28 and BRRI dhan29 influenced subsequent rice breeding trends and characteristics of new rice varieties. In this review, the pedigree information revealed that IR20 and IR5 acted as key foundation parents in developing the rice cultivar BR11 and BRRI dhan29. In contrast, same parental lineage of renowned IR64 contributed in developing BRRI dhan28. The breeding history, agronomic traits, grain quality and molecular characteristics of above cultivars have been discussed briefly. Thus, the background information generated from this review might help in developing breeding lines with higher genetic diversity, improved tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses to obtain higher genetic gain from a breeding program. Furthermore, basic studies on these varieties and their important progenies might help to disclose the complex genetic control of yield as well as other qualitative traits prioritized by farmers and consumers.
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Sorghum is the fifth most important grain crop worldwide. It is not only used as food and feed, but also as a resource for biofuel production. In addition, it has potential uses as a model plant for research on adaptation to environmental stress. In this study, mutant sorghum lines were generated by gammy ray irradiation. Ten of the M6 sorghum mutant lines were selected from 28 mutant lines on the basis of agronomic characteristics. These 10 lines, along with their original accessions/cultivar, were evaluated to determine the germination rate and the shoot and root length under salt treatment. Compared with their original accessions, three mutant lines (B5, SY6, and SY7) showed significant differentiation under saline conditions (150 mM NaCl), with increased shoot length (by 1.3-2.2 times) and root length (by 1.5-2.5 times). We determined the transcript levels of 20 abiotic stress-responsive genes in B5 (the most salt-tolerant mutant) and its original accession. These genes included those encoding heat shock proteins, aquaporins, ROS scavenging system, and transcription factors. In the B5 mutant, 15 genes showed differences in transcript levels between the control and the salt treatment. Salt treatment resulted in significant up-regulation of Sb03g045840 and down-regulation of Sb3g030750 in the B5 mutant. Here, we reported a simple method to identify genes related to salt tolerance in a sorghum mutant.
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First initiation of breeding started thousands of years ago when human practiced selection based in visually appealing traits. Further, domestication of wild plants eased adaptation of plant breeding. With increase in population the demand for food also increased which resulted in development of various breeding methodologies. Conventional breeding is a selective breeding methodology where crops are selected based on superior performances. Pure-line selections, mass selection, back cross breeding, recurrent selection, hybridization were most famous traditional breeding methods. It is a longer breeding method and is over-dependent on phenotype of plants. However, phenotypes of a plant are affected by various externalities. So, selection based on phenotypic expression is not accurate. As a result, breeder started integrating various branches of biology in plant breeding and developed modern breeding practices. After Mendelian theory and identification of DNA and RNA, plant breeding diverted to molecular era. People started breeding based on less environmentally susceptible parameters like genotypes, visual and genetic markers, image analysis and loci mapping. Some of the most common modern breeding practices include genomic selection, markers assisted breeding, high throughput phenotyping and CRISPR-Cas9. Despite these, plant breeding has fired up the problems of gene erosion due to loss of local landraces and wild-type plants.
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To understand genetic diversity in nutritional properties, 157 accessions of Korean-bred rice varieties were cultivated in 3 separate fields and harvested brown rice were used for determination of tocopherols (T), tocotrienols (T3), squalene (SQ), campesterol (CA), sitosterol (SI), and stigmasterol (ST) contents as well as fatty acid compositions. The average contents of α-T, γ-T, α-T3, γ-T3, SQ, CA, SI, and ST were 11.9, 1.6, 10.0, 13.9, 35.2, 42.1, 163.5, and 20.0 μg/g, respectively, and total tocols, SQ, and total phytosterols contents ranged 26.8-54.9, 7.9-78.4, and 162.9-320.2 μg/g, respectively. Ecotype of rice significantly affected phytonutrient contents in that japonica-type showed significantly higher α-T and α-T3 contents and α-T/γ-T, α-T3/γ-T3, and T/T3 ratios compared to indica-type varieties. Total T, SQ and ST contents were also higher in japonica-types, while total T3, CA and SI contents were not affected by ecotypes. Linoleic, oleic, and stearic acids were the 3 major fatty acids consisting 36.5, 35.8, and 22.9% of total fatty acids, respectively. Positive correlationships were observed among 3 phytosterols, while oleic acid showed negative correlation with palmitic (
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Mutation is an effective strategy not only for creating novel variation into crop genome but also for direct releasing adapted and high-yielding genotypes. The current work explores inducing genetic variability in bread wheat using physical and chemical mutagens. Three wheat cultivars were treated by three mutagens; gamma irradiation (five doses; 250, 300, 350, 400 and 450 Gray); laser ray (three treatments; 1, 1.5, and 2 hour exposure) and EMS (three concentrations; 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4%). Besides, a combination of physical (laser) and chemical (EMS) mutagens using middle range of each treatment (1.5 hour laser and 0.3% EMS) was attempted to be applied. The treated seeds were sown in the first season and 4050 M1 plants were harvested. The harvested seeds were sown in the second season, and 78750 M2 plants were obtained. The selection was performed in second season (M2) based on morpho-physiological and yield traits; flag leaf area, flag leaf chlorophyll content, plant height, spike length, grain yield per plant and its components. Based on evaluated traits fourteen mutants were selected to be evaluated in the third generation (M3). The results indicated that the used mutagens had direct impact and significantly improved agronomic traits in derivative mutants compared to their parent cultivars. Moreover, the maximum increment in yield related traits were obtained by 0.4% EMS, 1 and 2 hour-laser, 350-Gy, 1.5 hour × 0.3% EMS and 250-Gy. The obtained results highlighted the importance of these doses of applied mutagens to induce useful genetic variability in bread wheat for improving grain yield and contributing traits.
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Bitter gourd is an important vegetable of the family Cucurbitaceae, cultivated mainly in humid and subtropical Asia. Bitter gourd is a vegetable with immense health benefits due to the presence of medicinal compounds such as charantin, vicine, and polypeptide-p, which play essential roles in lessening blood glucose levels. Moreover, bitter gourd fruits are particularly rich in vitamin C, minerals, and carotenes. Here, an effort has been made to critically evaluate the extent of achievements during the enhancement and enactment of bitter gourd breeding programs with the use of latest technologies. Broadening the genetic base of cultivated bitter gourd varieties as a result of enrichment of existing resources by using wild species in breeding programs. Practical seed production technological know-how along with the use of the MS system (male sterility)/chemical-induced sterility procedure is nonetheless vital to cope with market demands. Superior yielding bitter gourd hybrids combining early maturity and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses are regularly needed to cope with the challenge of bitter gourd production.
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Biofortification is a cost-effective method for increasing the availability of micronutrients. Rice breeding for high levels of micronutrients is one of the best approaches to solve the problem of malnutrition. In this study, we developed a doubled haploid (DH) population derived from a cross between the rice cultivars 93-11 and Milyang 352 and evaluated QTLs for grain micronutrients and grain shape. Two co-localized QTLs,
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It is essential to develop tomato (
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In salinity affected areas, variation in salinity level is the major cause of yield fluctuations in rice during the dry season (
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Climate change has imposed greater challenge on cowpea production in the savannah ecology of West Africa sub-region in the recent time, however, development of varieties that combined resilience (stability) and precocity with high seed yield would be a sustainable approach to mitigate this problem. To this end, nine advanced breeding lines were evaluated along with two commercial varieties across three locations in guinea savannah ecology, using a randomized complete block design of three replications. Results obtained for seed yield and yield components indicate that the eleven cowpeas exhibited substantial variability for all plant traits studied and implications discussed. Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) analysis however revealed that the variations recorded were substantially attributable to genotypic component (70–80%) and less of environment (0.7–7.0%), a measure of phenotypic stability of these cowpea lines. However, seed yield and yield components vary significantly across the three locations, which further emphasize the important role of soil and climatic variables to cowpea production. In this study, two varieties (IT07K-299-6 and IT11K-61-82) consistently combined high seed yield (> 2 tons/ha) with precocity across the three locations, and could be multiplied for distribution to farmers as short-term intervention for yield increase. Reduced seed viability of these varieties reflects seed storage challenge in cowpea farming. In addition to significant contributions of some yield components to seed yield, there was evidence of strong association between precocity and high yield, and its implication for cowpea improvement discussed.
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The
objective
of this study was to analyze fruit qualities (i.e., pH, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, and mineral content) as well as fatty acid and phenolic compounds (i.e., ellagic acid and anthocyanins) among hybrid boysenberry lines developed by hybridization and gamma irradiation. There were no significant differences in the hybrid boysenberry fruit pH and titratable acidity (%) among the tested genotypes. However, the soluble solids content was higher in the BSA119 and BSA144 mutants than in the original genotype (BS_Hybrid). Meanwhile, linoleic acid was the most abundant fatty acid in the analyzed hybrid boysenberry fruits. The fatty acid composition did not differ significantly among the genotypes. The ellagic acid content of all genotypes ranged from 8.72 mg/100 g to 46.10 mg/100 g, with the highest concentration observed for the BSB127 genotype. Additionally, cyanidin-3-
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Abiotic and biotic stresses adversely affect rice (
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Plant breeding programs are often used to improve varieties through creating diverse agronomic traits. During a breeding program, a lot of genetic diversities are created in the genome after different generations through homologous recombination. Genome sequencing technology has revolutionized the discovery of genes and molecular markers associated with diverse agronomic traits in crop improvement programs. Genomic research is now in the peak of success, thus creating new opportunities for crop improvement modern sequencing technology is now capable of sequencing thousands to millions of bases per run. Modern sequencing technologies enable the sequencing of different cultivars with small to complex genomes at a reasonable time and cost. These massive data can be used to identify important agronomic traits of crops such as fruit color, size, ripening, flowering time adaptation, grain yield, and quality maintenance. In addition, they can be used to develop crop varieties. This mini-review is focused on the role of genome sequencing in genomic research and plant breeding for crop improvements.
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The rise of whole genome sequences of different plants provided more understanding about the gene regulation and genome evolution in further studying plants. More and more pathways and networks are identified by novel gene discoveries. Therefore, the Plant and Animal Genome Conference (PAG XXIV) provides a good venue to share the recent progress in the area of plant research genome sequencing technologies in various plants. However, this information can make a powerful system for developing improved crop varieties. By the way, the genome annotation and assembly is an essential key for breeding of stress-tolerant plants. PAG XXIV demonstrated different works about the extensive use of genomic databases accompanied by bioinformatics tools to accelerate breeding methods, discovery of new approaches to genomics, further increasing biomass of bioenergy crops, and explaining the genetic mechanisms in plant growth and defense. This review article summarizes some of the researches in various plants of rice, corn, wheat, cottonwood, switchgrasses,
Tomato (
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Crop improvement is essential to attaining world food security and enhancing nutrition for human beings. Both conventional breeding and modern molecular breeding have contributed to increased crop production and quality. However, the time and resources for breeding practices have been limited. It takes a long time to bring a novel improved crop to the market, and the genetic sources from wild species cannot be always available for crops of our interests. Genome editing technology implemented molecular breeding can overcome those limitations of time and resource by facilitating the specific editing of plant genomes. However, there is a long-lasting argument about the safety of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). In this review, we briefly summarize the principle of genome editing tools, focusing on the CRISPR/Cas9 system and the application of these tools to plants in the service of crop engineering.
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A total of six markers RM3586 and RM160 on chromosome 3 and RM3735, RM3471, RM3687 and RM3536 on chromosome 4 were used to select promising lines in backcrossing populations for heat tolerance at flowering stage in rice. Fifty lines selected in BC3F2, BC4F1, and BC4F2 and parents were planted in 2013, and 2014 dry seasons at the CLRRI field under natural heat stress and greenhouse to evaluate heat tolerance at the reproductive period. Heat tolerance scoring under field condition was based on percentage of unfilled grains. All selected lines exhibited their homozygous alleles with two heat tolerance germplasm N22 or Dular in QTL loci. Twelve lines harboring homozygous alleles to QTL loci RM3586 on chromosome 3 and RM3735 on chromosome 4, respectively were selected and evaluated to agronomic traits and yield potential. Four lines BC4-1-10-1 from OM5930/N22//4 *OM5930, BC4-5-8 from OM5930/Dular//4*OM5930, BC4-5-9-4 from AS996/N22//4*AS996, and BC4-6-3 from AS996/Dular//4 *AS996, respectively were finally selected to would be for regional adaptable test in Central Coast of Vietnam under heat stress condition to release to rice farmers.
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Soybean [
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Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) have been the marker of choice for rice molecular breeding due to the high level of polymorphism, technical simplicity and low cost. Recent advances in rice genomics have led to the discovery of abundant single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) which have enormous potential for rice molecular breeding. To assess both marker systems for molecular breeding in rice, SSR and SNP markers were evaluated on a set of 23 genotypes representing
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