Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]: Importance as A Crop and Pedigree Reconstruction of Korean Varieties

Chaeyoung Lee; Man-Soo Choi; Hyun-Tae Kim; Hong-Tai Yun; Byungwook Lee; Young-Soo Chung; Ryan W. Kim; Hong-Kyu Choi

doi:10.9787/PBB.2015.3.3.179

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Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]: Importance as A Crop and Pedigree Reconstruction of Korean Varieties

Chaeyoung Lee¹, Man-Soo Choi², Hyun-Tae Kim², Hong-Tai Yun², Byungwook Lee³, Young-Soo Chung⁴, Ryan W. Kim^3,†, Hong-Kyu Choi^4,†,*

Plant Breeding and Biotechnology 2015;3(3):179-196.
Published online: September 30, 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/PBB.2015.3.3.179

¹Department of Medical Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea

²National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Daegu 711-822, Republic of Korea

³Korea Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea

⁴Department of Genetic Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea

*Corresponding author: Hong-Kyu Choi, hkchoi@dau.ac.kr, Tel: +82-51-200-7508, Fax: +82-51-200-7505

†

These authors are equally contributed

• Received: September 10, 2015 • Revised: September 25, 2015 • Accepted: September 28, 2015

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract
INTRODUCTION
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
References

Abstract

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] is one of the most important crops in the world and in Korea as well. Since the official start of soybean breeding program in Korea at which a landrace ‘Jangdanbaekmok’ was first released to promote cultivation in 1913, approximately one century has elapsed. Currently, a total of 178 soybean varieties are registered at two representative Korean national institutes, the RDA-Genebank Information Center (http://www.genebank.go.kr) and the Korea Seed & Variety Service (http://www.seed.go.kr). Of these, 155 varieties (87.1%) have been developed through hybridization-based breeding technologies, of which most cultivars (133 varieties, 85.8%) have been released in the last twenty five years. In this review, we attempted to integrate all the information for individual cultivars and to rebuild a breeding pedigree including the entirety of registered Korean soybean varieties. The analysis has resulted in a total of four pedigrees involving 168 cultivars (94.4% out of 178 cultivars), which form the broadest network of pedigrees. Each of pedigrees highlights different key varieties within the context of progenitor networks derived from crossing of various elite parental lines as follows; pedigree I-‘Kwangkyo’, ‘Hwangkeumkong’, ‘Paldalkong’ and ‘Sinpaldalkong2’, pedigree II-‘Baegunkong’, ‘Jangyeobkong’ and ‘Keunolkong’, pedigree III-‘Danyeob’, ‘Pangsa’ and ‘Eunhakong’. These pedigrees also reveal purpose (i.e., desirable traits)-driven development of characteristic soybean varieties during the past century of breeding history in Korea. We expect that the pedigree reconstructed in this study will provide breeders with information useful to design breeding schema and guidance towards the genomics-assisted soybean improvement in the future.
Key words: Soybean, Pedigree analysis, Breeding, Genetic diversity

INTRODUCTION

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] is apparently one of the most important cultivated crops worldwide in its agro-economic value and diverse utilities in both agriculture and industry. The legume family, which contains this crop, is composed of approximately 20000 species, which is the third largest group among flowering plants, and includes other agriculturally important legume crops such as common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), mung bean (Vigna radiata) and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan). Among many other evolutionary branches within the family, Phaseoloid clade harbors most of important crop legumes of agricultural importance, within which soybean is a member of this clade (Choi and Cook 2011).

It is generally known that distribution of the wild soybean (G. soja), which is the ancestor of current cultivated soybean, is limited to the East Asia regions including China, Korea and Japan. Historical records have addressed that the first cultivation of soybean originated in China, which was approximately 4500 years ago (Qiu and Chang 2010). “Shu”, which is ancient Chinese character meaning soybean, has been frequently found in ancient Chinese books. In addition, carbonized remain of soybean seeds, which was estimated to be 2600 years old, were discovered in an excavation site of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (Qiu and Chang 2010). Although its cultivation history dates back to ancient age, soybean actually came to prominent crop during the last 200 years (Singh and Shivakumar 2010). Because of such a long history of cultivation and natural/artificial selection, which was the natural breeding process itself, China had been the world’s top producer until the first half of the 20^th century. However, the situation had been reversed by the USA in the 1950s. It is known that soybean was first cultivated in the USA as early as 1765 (Hymowitz 1984). During 1927–1931, the USA sent scientist to collect soybean germplasm in China, Korea and Japan, and some of germplasm played a pivotal roles as primary parents to breed the current USA cultivars (Qiu and Chang 2010). Using those collected accessions, the USA rapidly developed breeding program and accelerated the production of soybean, and thereafter the country has now become not only the highest producer but also largest exporter all across the world. In the USA, soybean is now the second largest crop, right after corn, in production.

Korea also has a significantly long history of domestication and cultivation of soybean, which is comparable to that of China and dates back to the ancient Chulmun period (8000-1500 BC). A recent archeological study shows that charred soybean seeds discovered in ‘Pyeonggeodong’ around the Nam River valley are as old as 4840-4650 years (Lee et al. 2011). Thereafter soybean continued to remain an important crop in Korea throughout the ancient Mumun period followed by the Three Kingdom periods. Interestingly, the study also addresses that soybean domestication occurred independently in multiple regions of the East Asia and landraces with larger seeds were adapted in Korea and Japan far earlier than in China (Lee et al. 2011). Although Korea is one of the East Asian countries of soybean origin and cultivation, start of systematic breeding programs were relatively delayed. The first Korean cultivar bred by hybridization method ‘Kwangkyo’ was recently developed in 1969. Soybean is still important as one of main crops in Korea, which is the third after rice and wheat, and its production in1975 could almost fill up 98% of domestic need. Since then, the rate of self-sustenance has gradually decreased and is now only 8.7%, thereby causing severe dependence on the GMO soybean imported from the USA.

Soybean is cultivated in enormous area of arable land worldwide, which accounts for 90.2 million ha, resulting in a total production of about 276 million ton (MT) in 2013 (FAO 2013). Among major producing countries, the USA is the top producer (28.2% and 32.2%), by both area and production, followed by Brazil (23.7% and 27.5%), Argentina (18.5% and 21.2%) and China (9.7% and 7.0%), respectively (Soytech Inc. 2007). In comparison to the total production of the world, Korea produced relatively small amount of soybean (0.16MT) in 2013 (FAO 2013).

Presumably, the most prominent purposes for soybean cultivation should be its high contents of protein and oil, which make up approximately 40% and 20%, respectively. In the Western world of North America and Europe, soybean is mainly regarded as oil crop or protein source for animal feed. In other countries of the Eastern World, this crop is consumed mainly by human in various forms of foods, such as bean curd (tofu), soy milk, sprout, soy paste/sauce. Soybean also has a diverse array of utilities in industry and has been used for the production of lubricants, toner ink, cosmetics and for many other purposes. In more recent years, this crop is increasingly drawing interest of scientists as a useful biofuel source.

Although soybean production in Korea has gradually decreased during the past 40 years, its importance as a major crop has not diminished probably because soybean has a long history of cultivation associated intimately with traditional food culture of Korea. Recent completion of soybean whole genome sequencing (Schmutz et al. 2010) may promote the development of new technologies for soybean molecular breeding. Moreover, recently developed technology of the next generation sequencing (NGS) and a variety of bioinformatic tools can play a critical role in processing and analyzing biological big data. NGS-driven bioinformatic data processing enables researchers to analyze population level of resequencing and transcriptome data. Hence, collection and organization of useful germplasm and their phenotypic characterization in precision are becoming more and more important. To effectively select germplasm for the data analyses, it is essential to know relationships among a variety of cultivars, landraces and wild accessions. Towards this end, this review intends to integrate all available data and information, and provide a pedigree-based view of Korean soybean varieties, with a high expectation for making a constructive use of the pedigree information to breed a diverse array of soybean varieties with superior traits in the future.

A brief history of soybean breeding in Korea

According to a recent archeological study, it has been known that the cultivation and domestication of soybean in Korea was evidenced back in ancient era of the Chulmun period, which was approximately 4000 year ago. In spite of such a long history of cultivation, a memorable moment towards the development of cultivation methods and systematic crop improvement initiated officially with the first cultivar ‘Jangdanbaekmok’, which was derived from landrace through pure line selection breeding, and was recommended for farmers to grow and cultivated nationwide until the first hybridization-bred variety ‘Kwangkyo’ was developed. This cultivar was grown and used for soy sauce/paste and beared medium-to-large seeds. Before cross breeding technology was actively used, most varieties were developed by selecting pure lines or directly introduced from other countries such as the USA and Japan. At the early developmental stage of new cultivars, breeding purposes mainly focused on improvement of qualities associated with yield and easiness in cultivation. In 1960s, 6 Korean landraces (‘Haman’, ‘Chungbukbaek’, ‘Keumgangdaelip’, ‘Buseok’, ‘Iksan’, including ‘Jangdanbaekmok’) and ‘Yukwoo3’, which was introduced from Japan, were released for the purpose of cultivation. Thereafter, two cultivars, ‘Hill’ and ‘Shelby’, were introduced from the USA in 1967 and 1968, respectively. In the next year, ‘Kwangkyo’, which was the first variety developed by hybridization-based breeding, was released to farmers. ‘Kwangkyo’ was developed using ‘Jangdanbaekmok’ as maternal line and ‘Yukwoo3’ as paternal line, and thereafter was frequently employed to develop many other cross-bred varieties. In 1970s, both Korea-bred and introduced varieties were supplied for the cultivation in parallel manner, and breeding came to further focusing on development of cultivars adaptive to mechanized farming because of a social phenomenon of the rural exodus. Influenced by such change in social environment, ‘Muhankong’ (Hong et al. 1989), ‘Jangkyongkong’ (1988), ‘Jangsukong’ (Hong et al. 1991), which were resistant to lodging and indeterminate type with relatively longer stem length, were developed for mechanized farming and released in 1980s. In 1986, ‘Eunhakong’ (Shin et al. 1988), which was first bred for bean sprout, was released. Until 1990s, soybean breeding mainly focused on qualities in appearance, stress resistance and useful chemical ingredients in seeds. Since 1995, soybean breeding has gradually switched to upgrading crop qualities and diversifying uses to compete cheaper GMO soybeans imported from open international market of the agricultural products. As a result, many varieties with desirable qualities were developed and released, some of which included ‘Danbaek’ (Soybean Breeding Team 1994a), ‘Kwangankong’ (Soybean Breeding Team 1994b) with higher protein content, ‘Jinpumkong’ (Kim et al. 1995) with no fishy smell and ‘Geomjeongkong 1’ (Soybean Breeding Team 1994c) suitable for cooking with rice. After 2000s, soybean breeding has more focused on the improvement of quality for processing, functional ingredients, seed appearance and mechanized farming.

Previous pedigree studies of soybean varieties in Korea

It appears that pedigree analyses for Korean soybean varieties were intermittently made by a limited number of breeding researchers. Jong et al. (1999) conducted CP (coefficient of parentage)-based clustering analysis for 75 soybean varieties released during 1913–1998. The analysis ended up with separation of the varieties into nine clusters. In the next year, the same group of researchers performed a similar pedigree analysis for 53 varieties bred by hybridization method and released during 1960–1998 (Jong et al. 2000). It is currently thought that the pedigree study in 2006 was the most recent one done by the same research team (Jong et al. 2006). In that study, they analyzed pedigree using a total of 86 cultivars bred between 1933 and 2002. They also attempted to compare genetic relationships among cultivars by pedigree analysis and DNA finger printing method (Jong et al. 2006). However, any other noticeable research of pedigree analysis for Korean soybean varieties has not been found, although considerable amount of time has elapsed since then. Thus we intended to update and reconstruct the pedigrees by integrating data and/or information on recently released soybean varieties in this review.

Data/information resources and current status of soybean breeding in Korea

In an attempt to reconstruct the Korean soybean pedigree, previous analyses done by Jong et al. (1999, 2000, 2006) played a skeletal role in rebuilding the pedigree. The majority of relevant information was obtained from the RDA-Genebank Information Center (GBIC; http://www.genebank.go.kr) and the Korea Seed & Variety Service (KSVS; http://www.seed.go.kr). Basic information on all registered cultivars/varieties is provided in Table 1 and Table 2.

The data reveals that a total of 178 soybean varieties have currently been registered at the two national institutes. Fig. 1 demonstrates their basic information for all these varieties according to their uses, breeding methods and timelines at which they were developed. It is apparent that soybean varieties for soy sauce and tofu predominate in Korea while ones for vegetables are relatively minor (Fig. 1A). Of 178 registered accessions, the majority of varieties (155, 87.1%) have been developed by hybridization-based breeding methods (Fig. 1B). Since the first hybridization-bred Korean variety ‘Kwangkyo’ was released, seven more varieties were added in 1970s as recommended cultivars. These include ‘Bong-Eui’, ‘Kang-lim’, ‘Baegcheon’ (Choi et al. 1978), ‘Jangyeobkong’, which were developed by hybridization method and three introduced varieties, ‘Eundaedu’, ‘Dongpuk-tae’, ‘Danyeobkong (Essex)’. It is noteworthy that new varieties have been increasingly developed almost exclusively by hybridization methods and registered since 1980s (Fig. 1C). It is also noticeable that more than one third of varieties (68 cultivars, 38.2%) were emerged during the period of 2000s, which implicated that previously developed varieties played nodal roles to provide a diverse array of progenitors for soybean breeding.

Integration and reconstruction of soybean pedigree

Starting from ‘Jangdanbaekmok’ the first cultivar registered in 1913 till now, we attempted to reconstruct a fully integrated pedigree including all the 178 varieties currently recorded in Korea. Thereby, it has ended up with a total of four pedigrees (Fig. 2). Of 178 registered cultivars, 10 varieties (5.6%) could not be integrated into any pedigrees because they lacked information on which they were employed as elite parental lines to cross. They include ‘Chungbukbaek’ (1948), ‘Iksan’ (1948), ‘Haman’ (1960), ‘Keumgangsorip’ (1960), ‘Buseok’ (1948), ‘Heugcheongkong’ (1999), ‘Galmikong’ (1999), which were derived from Korean landraces, and introduced accessions, such as ‘Shelby’ (1967), ‘Eundaedu’ (1970), ‘Hwasongputkong’ (1993). Of 168 varieties included in the pedigree network, 136 varieties (76.4%) and 32 varieties were involved in one or two pedigrees, respectively.

As seen in the Pedigree I (Fig. 2A), ‘Kwangkyo’, ‘Hwangkeumkong’, ‘Paldalkong’ and ‘Sinpaldalkong 2’ (Kim et al. 1994) served as central crossing parents, which is the largest among four pedigrees and resulted from the integration of three previously reported pedigrees (Jong et al. 2006), Cluster 7 (‘Kwangkyo’ group), Cluster 8 (‘Hwangkeumkong’ group), Cluster 9 (‘Paldal’ group). This pedigree contains 85 hybridization-bred varieties, 49 breeding lines, 7 landraces and 24 introduced varieties (Fig. 2A). Nodal breeding points of this pedigree start with ‘Jangdanbaekmok’ (the first landrace-derived cultivar), ‘Kwangkyo’ (the first hybridization bred variety) and three Japan-introduced accessions such as ‘Yukwoo3’, ‘Baekmokjangyeob’, ‘Dongpuk-tae’.

‘Kwangkyo’ was intensively employed as parental line to breed other useful progenitors such as ‘Hwangkeumkong’ (1980), ‘Milyangkong’ (1983), ‘Baegunkong’ (1984), ‘Saealkong’ (Shin et al. 1985), ‘Dankyeongkong’ (1986), ‘Jangkyongkong’ (1988). Of ‘Kwangkyo’-derived progeny, ‘Hwangkeumkong’ and ‘Paldalkong’ were recognized by their superior traits and frequently used as parental line. For one example, ‘Hwangkeumkong’ was developed by using USA-introduced ‘Clark63’ as the parental line and another introduced line ‘Baekmokjangyeob’ (SMV-resistant) as maternal line, and thereby resulted in a combined trait of SMV resistance as well as large seed size (RDA 2012a). Likewise, ‘Hwangkeum’ was employed as crossing parents to develop following varieties; ‘Muhankong’ (1988), ‘Geomjeongkong 1’ (1993), ‘Kwangankong’ (1993), ‘Alchankong’ (Kim et al. 1997), ‘Seonheukkong’ (1998), ‘Jinyulkong’ (Yun et al. 2000), ‘Hojang’ (2002), ‘Cheonsang’ (Kim et al. 2012). ‘Paldalkong’ was bred using USA-introduced ‘Elf’ and a ‘Kwangkyo’-derived breeding line ‘SS74185’. ‘Paldal’ is highly tolerant not only to the lodging but also to major biotic stresses with small-to-medium seed size (RDA 2008a), and was employed to develop following varieties; ‘Sinpaldalkong’ (1991), ‘Sinpaldalkong 2’ (1992), ‘Dajangkong’ (Shin et al. 1997), ‘Tawonkong’ (Kim et al. 1996), ‘Ilmikong’ (Shin et al. 1998), ‘Saeolkong’ (Baek et al. 1998), ‘Geomjeong4’ (2001).

‘Sinpaldalkong 2’, which occupies a significant part of the Pedigree I and is strongly resistant to soybean mosaic viruses, was developed by employing ‘Togyu’ as maternal line and ‘Paldal’-derived breeding line ‘SS79186’ as paternal line. It bears medium-sized seeds and is known as tolerant or resistant to many diseases such as soybean mosaic virus, purpura, downy mildew and necrosis. Thereafter, ‘Sinpaldal2’ was used as breeding parent to develop following varieties; ‘Daepung’ (Park et al. 2005), ‘Shingi’ (2003), ‘Cheongdu1’ (Yun et al. 2005a), ‘Daemang #2’ (Yun et al. 2006), ‘Cheonga’ (Ha et al. 2013), ‘Geomjeong5’ (Han et al. 2013), ‘Uram’ (2010), ‘Chamol’ (2011). One of ‘Sinpaldal2’-derived progeny ‘Daepung’ was bred using ‘Baegun’ as maternal line and its yield was 305 Kg/10a, which was 20% higher compared to ‘Taekwangkong’. ‘Daepung’ was further improved towards higher yield, and resulted in ‘Daepung2ho’, which is currently a cultivar of the highest yield (345 Kg/10a) in Korea. This cultivar is also tolerant to lodging, fire blight and seed shattering. ‘Uram’ is another high yield cultivar (327 Kg/10a), and has merits of suitability to mechanized farming and fire blight resistance (RDA 2011).

Pedigree II (Fig. 2B) shows that ‘Baegunkong’, ‘Jangyeobkong’ and ‘Keunolkong’ take central positions as basic parental lines, which comprises three pre-existing clusters 3 (‘Dongpuk-tae’ group), 5 (‘Jangyeob’ group) and 7 (‘Kwangkyo’ group) (Jong et al. 2000). This pedigree harbors 61 hybridization-bred varieties, 33 breeding lines, 1 landrace and 26 introduced varieties. ‘Baegun’ was developed using ‘Kwangkyo’ as maternal line and the USA-introduced ‘Dt1-long receme’ as paternal line, and has following characteristic traits; resistance to mosaic viruses, susceptibility to necrosis viruses and cyst nematodes, tolerance against lodging with medium height of 70 cm on average. ‘Taekwangkong’ (1991), ‘Myeongjunamulkong’ (1995), ‘Daepung’ (2002) and ‘Shingi’ (2003) were developed using this cultivar as parental line. Of these, ‘Taekwangkong’ is known to have resistance against causal insect agents of mummification, brown spot and leaf spot, and can also tolerate soybean mosaic virus and microbe-derived brown spot (RDA 2012b). ‘Jangyeobkong’ was bred by crossing Japan-introduced ‘Miyagi Sirome’ with ‘SS7023’ derived from between ‘Kwangdu’ and ‘Baekmokjangyeob’. The height of this variety is approximately 50 cm with medium-to-large seed sizes. ‘Jangyeobkong’ has contributed to developing following varieties; ‘Deokyu’ (1983), ‘Mallikong’ (1990), ‘Myeongjunamulkong’ (1995), ‘Hojang’ (2002), ‘Daemang’ (Kim et al. 2005), ‘Daeyang’ (Kim et al. 2010a), ‘Daeha’ (Baek et al. 2013a). ‘Keunolkong’ was originated by selecting pure lines collected in ‘Chilgok Kyungbuk’ in 1986, which bears large seeds with high yield. It belongs to short stem type with 37 cm average height and is very strong against the lodging. This variety was reported to have resistance to mosaic/necrosis viruses, downy mildew and anthracnose (RDA 2008b). Following varieties, which were bred using ‘Keunolkong’ as crossing parent, are involved; ‘Saeolkong’ 1998), ‘Daehwangkong’ (Baek et al. 2001a), ‘Seonnogkong’ (2000). ‘Daol’ (2002), ‘Dajin’ (Oh et al. 2004), ‘Geomjeongsaeol’ (Baek et al. 2005), ‘Mirang’ (Baek et al. 2006), ‘Nokwon’ (Ko et al. 2008), ‘Sangwon’ (2007), ‘Chamol’ (2011).

Pedigree III was constructed by extending previous cluster 4 (‘Pangsa’ group) and cluster 6 (‘Danyeobkong’, Hill group) (Jong et al. 2000). This pedigree is composed of 47 crossing/mutation-bred varieties, 23 breeding lines, 2 landraces and 15 introduced varieties, in which ‘Danyeobkong’, ‘Pangsakong’ (Hong et al. 1985) and ‘Eunhakong’ take major parts as the parental lines (Fig. 2C). ‘Pangsakong’ is the first mutation-derived variety developed by treating the USA-introduced ‘CB27’ with gamma ray. This variety has a suitable property for bean sprout due to its uniformly small seed size. ‘Pangsa’ possesses a high necrosis resistance, whereas it shows a medium level resistance to the soybean mosaic viruses. ‘Danyeobkong’ was actually introduced from the USA in the name of ‘Essex’, which was developed using salinity-tolerant variety ‘Lee’ as the maternal line, and registered as Korean cultivar in 1978 (Table 1). Like ‘Pangsakong’, ‘Danyeobkong’ belongs to small seed type, resists necrosis/mosaic viruses, and is strong against the lodging with stable yield patterns. ‘Eunha’ (1986), ‘Namhaekong’ (Shin et al. 1989), ‘Iksannamul’ (1995) and ‘Wongwang’ (Oh et al. 2009) have derived from ‘Danyeobkong’ using as crossing parent. Of these, ‘Eunhakong’ was developed by employing the USA-introduced ‘D69-7816’ as maternal line with an aim to make a new sprout cultivar. This cultivar has suitable features, i.e., small seeded with high yield, for the bean sprout, and is known to show resistance to necrosis, root rot, downy mildew and purpura, whereas it is weak to mosaic viruses. Owing to these qualities, ‘Eunha’ has frequently been employed to develop other useful varieties such as ‘Alchankong’ (1996), ‘Somyeongkong’ (1998), ‘Sowonkong’ (Park et al. 2000), ‘Anpyeong’ (Yun et al. 2005b), ‘Dachae’ (Shin et al. 2003), ‘Jangki’ (Oh et al. 2006), and ‘Jonam’ (Oh et al. 2007).

Pedigree IV is a kind of orphan ones, because most varieties lack information available for breeding pathways (Fig. 2D). Actually it consist of three small pedigrees containing 6 introduced variety, 11 Korea-bred varieties, 12 breeding lines and 3 landraces. Except for ‘Jungmo3004’ and ‘jungmo2010ho’, other major varieties in the pedigree including ‘Ilpumgeomjeong2’ (2005), ‘Heugmi’ (2006), ‘Socheong’ (Baek et al. 2000) and ‘Soheuk’ (2009) are all black-seeded and developed in relatively recent years with favorable traits. For example, ‘Ilpumgeomjeong2’ has a varietal property of medium-to-large seed, short stem, stress tolerance with high yield, and its average height is 49 cm, which offers a desirable strength against the lodging, high moisture content/rainfall and drought. This cultivar is also popular for cooking-with-rice due to its color and sweetness (RDA 2006). ‘Socheong’ and ‘Soheuk’ were bred using ‘Milyang78’, which derived from collected black soybean landrace, as the maternal line and ‘Peking’ (small seeded and lodging-resistant) as paternal line. ‘Socheong’ is 62 cm in its height, bears relatively more pods, and is very strong against the lodging. ‘Soheuk’ is a black seeded variety with green cotyledon, and was developed to replace a popular landrace ‘Jwinunikong’. This variety has been further improved, compared to pre-existing small-seeded black soybean varieties, for higher absorption rate of moisture, and for larger pod numbers per hill (Baek et al. 2013b).

CONCLUSION

Pedigree for crops is truly essential to effectively manage breeding programs, and may provide breeders with pivotal information for selection of parental lines and design of crossing strategies. In this review, we intended not only to integrate all available information on currently registered Korean soybean varieties, but also to reconstruct an entire breadth of their pedigree. Such an attempt has resulted in a total of four pedigrees (Fig. 2), which is a lot more extended compared to the latest pedigree analyses (Jong et al. 2006). Out of 178 soybean varieties officially recorded at the GBIC and the KSVS, a total of 168 (94.4%) cultivars could be connected within the context of pedigrees. These pedigrees were reconstructed almost purely based on publically available information accessible to literatures and public databases.

Soybean has long been cultivated for major source of protein and oil in the human history. In more recent years, it is becoming more important as a source of well-being for mankind in terms of medicinal use as well as food. Additionally its unique biological property of symbiotic nitrogen fixation is beneficial to enrich the soil, thereby protecting environment and enabling sustainable agricultural practice. Another benefit of soybean on human health has been widely explored during the last two decades (Ali 2010). Thanks to its wide range of beneficial aspects, it is likely that the cultivation and breeding of soybean will be increasingly promoted in the future.

In recent years, we are facing a transition stage in breeding technologies, from conventional (phenotype-first) breeding to genomics-driven (genomic information-based design) molecular breeding. Genome-wide understanding and its application to breeding are being significantly facilitated by cutting edge NGS technologies in conjunction with high throughput bioinformatic analyses. Such situation may lead to opening of a new phase of molecular breeding in the near future, so called ‘breeding-by-design’. In parallel with technological advancement, well-organized crop resources and information will become more and more important. In summary, as crop pedigree is one of the most important information for breeding, we anticipate that the pedigree rebuilt in this study will play a constructive role in breeding a diverse array of new soybean varieties with desirable traits when it is synergized with new findings and knowledge driven by ever advancing technologies and ‘omics’-based bioinformatic tools.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study was supported by a grant from the Next-Generation BioGreen21 Program (PJ011182), Rural Development Administration and partly by a grant from the KRIBB Research Initiative Program, Republic of Korea.

Fig. 1

Summary of 178 registered Korean soybean cultivars. A. Distribution of cultivars according to utilization. It is classified into four categories; vegetable & early maturity, soy sauce & tofu, bean sprout and cooking with rice. B. Classification of soybean cultivars according to their origin of development. C. Distribution of soybean varieties according to their registered timeline.

Fig. 2

Reconstructed pedigrees of Korean soybean varieties. The pedigrees consist of a total of 168 registered Korean soybean cultivars. Some of registered cultivars originated from landraces after selection processes for line purification. Information implicated in shape, line and color, is denoted in the figure legends. A. Pedigree I. This pedigree contains a total of 174 nodes, which is composed of 24 introduced lines, 49 breeding lines, 7 landraces and 84 hybridization-bred varieties. In this pedigree, ‘Kwangkyo’, ‘Hwangkeum’, ‘Paldal’ and ‘Sinpaldal2’ are the major crossing parents. B. Pedigree II. It is consists of 122 nodes, containing 26 introduced lines, 33 breeding lines, 1 landrace and 61 bred varieties. Central crossing parents involve ‘Jangyeob’, ‘Baegun’, ‘Kwnagkyo’, ‘Keunol’. C. Pedigree III. This pedigree is composed of 90 nodes, which contains 15 introduced lines, 23 breeding lines, 2 landraces and 47 improved varieties. Three parents, ‘Pangsa’, ‘Eunha’ and ‘Danyeob’, played the most central roles in hybridization-based breeding. D. Pedigree IV. This one is an orphan pedigree that could not be connected to any other major pedigrees. The pedigree contains 6 introduced line, 12 breeding line, 3 landraces and 11 bred varieties.

Table 1

Summary of Korean soybean varieties according to their utilization.

Table 1
Released time periods	Breeding mathods	Vegetable & early maturity	Soy sauce & Tofu	Bean sprout	Cooking with rice
1913~1969	Korea landrace	-	Jangdanbaekmok, Chungbukbaek, Iksan, Buseok, Haman, Keumgangdaelip, Keumgangsolip, Kwangdu	-	-
	Hybridization	-	Kwangkyo	-	-
	Introduction	-	Yukwoo3, Shelby	Hill	-

1970s	Korea landrace	-	Bong-Eui, Kang-lim,	-	-
	Hybridization	-	Baegcheon, Jangyeobkong	-	-
	Introduction	-	Eundaedu, Dongpuk-tae	Danyeobkong	-

1980s	Korea landrace	-	-	-	-
	Hybridization	-	Hwangkeumkong, Jangbaegkong, Namcheonkong, Togyukong, Milyangkong, Baegunkong, Saealkong, Paldalkong, Pokwangkong, Dankyeongkong, Muhankong, Jangkyongkong, Jangsukong, Danweonkong	Pangsakong, Eunhakong, Namhaekong	-
	Introduction	-	-	-	-

1990s	Korea landrace	Keunolkong, Hwaseongputkong, Geomjeongolkong	-	-	Heugcheongkong, Galmikong
	Hybridization	-	Manlikong, Sinpaldalkong, Taekwangkong, Samnamkong, Sinpaldalkong2, Danbaekkong, Duyoukong, Soyangkong, Geumgangkong, Alchankong, Dajangkong, Daewonkong, Jangmikong, Sodamkong, Songhagkong, Ilmikong, Saeolkong, Daehwangkong	Bukwangkong, Kwangankong, Pureunkong, Hannamkong, Myeongjunamulkong, Iksannamulkong, Sobaegnamulkong, Pungsannamulkong, Tawonkong, Somyeongkong, Paldonamulkong, Sowonkong, Doremikong	Geomjeongkong1, Geomjeongkong2, Ilpumgeomjeongkong, Seonheukkong, Jinyulkong
	Introduction	Hwaeomputkong, Seokryangputkong	Jinpumkong, Jinpumkong2	-	-

2000s	Korea landrace	-	-	-	-
	Hybridization	Sinrokkong, Seonnogkong, Danmi, Dajin, Mirang, Danmi2, Nokwon, Sangwon, Cheongyeob	Jangwonkong, Jinmi, Daepung, Hojang, Shingi, Daemang, Daol, Seonyu, Daemang2, Mansu, Hoban, Nampung, Daeyang, Daewang, Gangil, Cheonga, Daeha, Cheonsang, Socheong, Hanol, Geomjeong5, Soheuk, Manpoong, Jungmo3003	Sohokong, Seabyeolkong, Sorog, Anpyeong, Seonam, Dagi, Dachae, Sojin, Bosug, Sogang, Nogchae, Wonhwang, Jangki, Jonam, Pungwon, Wonkwang, Hoseo, Sinhwa, Shingang, Sohwang, Galchae, Jungmo3001, Sohyeon	Cheongjakong, Geomjeongkong 3, Geomjeongkong 4, Cheongdu1, Cheongja2, Geomjeongsaeol, Cheongja3, Ilpumgeomjeong2, Heugmi, Daeheug, Heugseong, Jungmo3002
	Introduction	-	-	-	-

2010s	Korea landrace	-	-	-	-
	Hybridization	-	Uram, Saedanbaek, Hwangkeumol, Jungmo3006, Jungmo3007, Jungmo3004, Neulchan, Chamol, Jungmo3008, Jinpung, Saegeum, Seonpung, Jungmo3010, Teaseon, Daechan, Daepung2, Duruol, Miso, Jungmo3005, Jangol	Sowon2010, Joyang1, Haepum, Wonheug, Haewon	Jungmo3009, Jungmo3011, Cheongmiin, Socheongja
	Introduction	-	-	-	-

Table 2

Summary of 178 Korean soybean varieties.

Table 2
	Name	Breeding method z)	Parents (Maternal/Paternal)	Year released	Seed			Color				Growth type s)	Utilization r)	Crude protein (%)*	Crude oil (%)*	Height (cm)*	Dataq)

					Size y)	Weight (g/100 seeds)	Shape x)	Seed-coat w)	Cotyledon v)	Flower u)	Hilum t)
1	Jangdanbaekmok	L	Korea (Jangdan)	1913	M	25.2	G	Y	Y	P	W	D	S&T	44.9	15.7	56	GBIC
2	Chungbukbaek	L	Korea (Chungbuk)	1948	M	22.7	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	44.3	16.2	46	GBIC
3	Iksan	L	Korea (Iksan)	1948	S	14.8	O	Y	Y	P	Br	ID	S&T	43.7	14.6	76	GBIC
4	Buseok	L	Korea (Youngju)	1948	M	25.4	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	45.2	15.4	58	GBIC
5	Haman	L	Korea (Haman)	1960	M	20.8	G	Y	Y	P	Br	D	S&T	42.5	17.1	51	GBIC
6	Keumgangdaelip	L	Korea (Anyang)	1960	M	23.6	NA	Y	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	NA	NA	NA	, RDA 2008
7	Keumgangsorip	L	Korea	1960	SM	18.7	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	46.6	13.9	42	GBIC
8	Yukwoo 3	I	Japan (Rikuu 3)	1960	M	16.1	NA	Y	Y	P	G	D	S&T	NA	NA	50	, RDA 2008
9	Kwangdu	L	Korea (Jeonnam)	1966	M	20.6	G	Y	Y	W	Br	D	S&T	43.2	16.3	45	GBIC
10	Hill	I	The USA (D632-15/D49-2525)	1967	S	14.4	NA	Y	Y	W	DBr	NA	BS	NA	NA	NA	, RDA 2008
11	Shelby	I	The USA (Lincoln(2)/Richland)	1967	NA	NA	NA	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	S&T	40.4	20	NA	GBIC
12	Kwangkyo	B	Jangdanbaekmok/Yukwoo 3 (Rikuu3)	1969	M	20	G	Y	Y	P	T	D	S&T	41.4	9.8	72	GBIC
13	Bong-Eui	B	Lincoln/Yukwoo 3 (Rikuu 3)	1970	M	16.7	G	C	Y	P	LBr	D	S&T	NA	NA	51	, RDA 2008
14	Eundaedu	I	Japan (Gin Daizu)	1970	M	24.2	NA	V	Y	P	Br	NA	S&T	NA	NA	58	, RDA 2008
15	Kang-lim	B	Keumgangdaelip/Norin 1	1974	M	24	G	Y	Y	W	Bl	D	S&T	44.4	18.8	79.7	, RDA 2008
16	Dongpuk-tae	I	Japan (Raiden)	1974	NA	NA	NA	Y	Y	P	LBr	D	S&T	NA	NA	NA	, RDA 2008
17	Baegcheon	B	Eunbaek (Ginjiro)/Dancheondamrok	1977	SM	19	NA	Y	G	W	Br	D	S&T	46.3	16	NA	, RDA 2008
18	Danyeob	I	The USA (Essex, Lee/S55-7075)	1978	S	12.7	G	Y	Y	P	G	SD	BS	40.9	15.2	63	GBIC
19	Jangyeob	B	Miyagi Sirome/SS7023	1978	M	24	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	38.1	17.4	46	GBIC
20	Hwangkeum	B	SS7006//Baekmokjangyeob	1980	M	25	G	Y	Y	P	Br	D	S&T	36.7	19.7	49	GBIC
21	Jangbaeg	B	Suwon61/SS6807	1982	M	15.4	G	LY	Y	W	Br	SD	S&T	40.9	19	87	, RDA 2008
22	Namcheon	B	Dongpuktae/Tachi Suzunari	1982	M	21.3	G	Y	Y	P	Br	D	S&T	42.4	12.8	60	GBIC
23	Togyukong	B	SS74185/Jangyeob	1983	SM	18	O	Y	Y	P	Br	D	S&T	41.4	15.9	69	GBIC
24	Milyang	B	Kwangkyo/Williams	1983	M	19.9	NA	Y	Y	W	T	ID	S&T	NA	NA	92	, RDA 2008
25	Baegun	B	Kwangkyo/dtl-long raceme	1984	M	21.1	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	40.8	19.9	70	GBIC
26	Pangsa	B	Mutant from CB27	1984	S	9.9	G	Y	Y	P	Br	D	BS	39.6	17.5	68	GBIC
27	Saeal	B	Kwangkyo/SS7145	1984	M	25	O	Y	Y	P	LY	D	S&T	40.3	13.7	67	GBIC
28	Paldal	B	Elf/SS74185	1985	S	15	O	Y	Y	P	Bl	D	S&T	41.6	15.8	53	GBIC
29	Pokwangkong	B	Jangyeob/PI219787	1986	M	25.4	NA	Y	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	40.7	20.3	86	, RDA 2008
30	Dankyeong	B	Kwangkyo/Willams	1986	SM	18.8	G	Y	Y	W	T	D	S&T	39.7	17.6	43	GBIC
31	Eunha	B	D69-7816/Danyeob (Essex)	1986	S	11.6	G	Y	Y	P	Br	D	BS	40.5	18.6	63	GBIC
32	Muhan	B	Hwangkeum/Wells	1988	SM	18.2	G	Y	Y	P	Br	ID	S&T	40.7	19	129	GBIC
33	Namhae	B	Danyeob (Essex)/Hill	1988	SM	12.4	G	Y	Y	W	LY	D	BS	43.9	16.4	85	GBIC
34	Jangkyongkong	B	Kwangkyo/Harcor	1988	M	22.9	O	Y	Y	W	LBr	ID	S&T	43.8	18.4	88	GBIC
35	Jangsu	B	Elf/SS74185	1989	M	22.2	G	Y	Y	P	LBr	ID	S&T	40.9	21.4	91	, RDA 2008
36	Danweonkong	B	Willams/Suwon61	1989	SM	18.2	G	Y	Y	W	T	D	S&T	39.9	19.4	70	, RDA 2008
37	Malli	B	Jangyeob/PI219782	1990	SM	18.9	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	41.2	17	68	GBIC
38	Sinpaldal	B	Will/SS79168	1991	SM	17.2	G	Y	Y	W	Br	D	S&T	39.5	21	57	GBIC
39	Taekwang	B	SS77011/Dongsan (Touzan) 53	1991	M	22.9	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	41.2	15.5	75	GBIC
40	Samnam	B	Suwon101/YS104	1991	M	21.2	NA	Y	Y	W	Br	D	S&T	40.9	17.7	73	, RDA 2008
41	Keunol	B	Korea (Chilgok)	1991	M	28.4	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	V&E	42.1	17	38	, RDA 2008
42	Sinpaldal2	B	Togyu/SS79168	1992	SM	19.5	G	Y	Y	W	Br	D	S&T	NA	NA	55	, RDA 2008
43	Bukwang	B	Jangbaeg/Pangsa	1992	S	13.9	G	Y	Y	W	T	D	BS	40.2	15.1	76	GBIC
44	Geomjeong1	B	SS833020/Hwangkeum	1993	M	29	G	Bl	Y	W	Bl	D	CR	41.4	20	71	, RDA 2008
45	Danbeakkong	B	Dongsan (Touzan) 69/D76-8070	1993	SM	13.9	G	Y	Y	P	Br	D	S&T	48.5	13.3	84	GBIC
46	Kwangan	B	Dongsan (Touzan) 69/Hwangkeum	1993	S	11.4	NA	Y	Y	P	Bl	D	BS	44.7	NA	92	, RDA 2008
47	Pureun	B	Cheongsaeknamul/L78-379	1993	M	20.1	NA	G	Y	W	Bl	D	BS	NA	NA	NA	, RDA 2008
48	Hwaeomput	I	Japan (Kegon)	1993	M	27.2	G	Y	Y	W	G	D	V&E	45.7	17.3	47	, RDA 2008
49	Duyou	B	Milyang18/Bonghwajaerae	1993	NA	NA	NA	Y	Y	W	T	D	S&T	39.3	20.5	47	, RDA 2008
50	Hwasongputkong	L	Korea (Yongin)	1993	NA	NA	NA	Y	Y	W	Br	D	V&E	48.7	17.8	47	, RDA 2008
51	Soyang	B	SS79149/L78-379	1993	NA	NA	NA	Y	Y	W	Br	NA	S&T	NA	NA	NA	, RDA 2008
52	Seokryangput	I	Japan (Yusuzumit)	1994	L	37	G	LG	Y	W	Br	D	V&E	NA	NA	24	GBIC
53	Jinpum	I	Japan	1994	NA	NA	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	41.3	20	NA	, RDA 2008
54	Hannam	B	YS236/SS79168-67-5	1994	S	11	G	Y	Y	P	Y	SD	BS	NA	NA	NA	, RDA 2008
55	Myeongjunamul	B	Jangyeob/Baegun	1995	S	11.4	G	Y	Y	P	LBr	D	BS	37.5	19.3	65	, RDA 2008
56	Iksannamul	B	Danyeob (Essex)/Hill	1995	S	12.6	G	Y	Y	W	LBr	D	BS	NA	NA	76	, RDA 2008
57	Geumgangkong	B	YS267/YS268	1995	SM	18.8	G	Y	Y	W	G	D	S&T	42.3	19.2	53	, RDA 2008
58	Sobaegnamul	B	Milyang18/Bonghwajaerae	1995	S	11	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	BS	NA	NA	47	, RDA 2008
59	Alchan	B	Hwangkeum/Eunha	1996	S	14.6	NA	Y	Y	P	LBr	D	S&T	38.7	19.3	71	, RDA 2008
60	Dajang	B	YS23-2B-3-9-9-1/Paldal	1996	SM	19.9	G	Y	Y	W	G	D	S&T	44.9	18.7	50	, Shin et al. 1997
61	Pungsannamul	B	Pangsa/KLS87092	1996	S	11.3	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	BS	38.5	19.9	60	, RDA 2008
62	Jinpum 2	I	Japan	1996	M	21.9	G	Y	Y	P	Y	NA	S&T	38.2	18	72	, RDA 2008
63	Geomjeong2	B	SS83021/SS83033	1996	M	28.3	G	Bl	Y	P	Bl	D	CR	40.8	17.9	83	, RDA 2008
64	Geomjeongol	L	Korea	1996	M	22.4	G	Bl	Y	P	Bl	D	V&E	42.8	17.9	52	, RDA 2008
65	Daewon	B	Suwon133/Milyang18	1997	L	24.6	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	40.7	18.7	78	GBIC
66	Jangmi	B	YS110-2B-3-1/SLSB87-2	1997	SM	19.3	O	Y	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	NA	NA	63	, RDA 2008
67	Ilpumgeomjeong	B	SLSB87-3/YS558	1997	M	27.6	G	Bl	Y	P	Bl	D	CR	39.5	19.6	54	, RDA 2008
68	Tawon	B	Paldal/ES33	1997	ES	9.2	G	Bl	Y	P	Bl	D	BS	43	15.8	42	, RDA 2008
69	Somyeong	B	Eunha/Pangsa	1998	ES	8.3	NA	Y	Y	P	LBr	D	BS	NA	NA	NA	, RDA 2008
70	Paldonamul	B	KW220-26/Hill	1998	S	11.8	NA	Y	Y	P	Br	D	BS	39.1	NA	57	, RDA 2008
71	Sodam	B	SNUA78010/Dongsan (Touzan) 127	1998	M	25.2	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	40.8	18.8	66	, RDA 2008
72	Seonheuk	B	Hwangkeum/Sinnongheuk (Sinano Kuro)	1998	L	34.2	NA	Bl	Y	P	Bl	D	CR	40.1	NA	NA	, RDA 2008
73	songhagkong	B	Dongsan (Touzan) 74/Jangbaeg	1998	M	20.9	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	42.8	21	71	, RDA 2008
74	Ilmi	B	YS536/Paldal	1998	M	20.2	G	Y	Y	P	Br	SD	S&T	40.3	19.3	68	, RDA 2008
75	Saeol	B	YS841/Baeksajajidu (Shirojishi)	1998	M	27.2	S	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	41.8	16	43	, RDA 2008
76	Sowon	B	Eunha/Pangsa	1999	ES	9.3	NA	Y	Y	P	LBr	D	BS	NA	NA	NA	, Park et al. 2000
77	Doremi	B	Namhae/YS569	1999	S	11	G	Y	Y	W	DBr	D	BS	40.8	17.9	NA	, RDA 2008
78	Daehwang	B	Keunol/SLSB87-3	1999	L	31.9	S	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	NA	NA	NA	, Baek et al. 2001a
79	Jinyul	B	Hwangkeum/Sinnongheuk (Sinano Kuro)	1999	M	28.3	NA	Br	Y	P	Br	D	CR	41.1	18.6	66	, Yun et al. 2000
80	Heugcheongkong	B	Korea (Yeongwol)	1999	L	30.6	S	Bl	G	P	NA	D	CR	39.2	21.1	77	, RDA 2008
81	Galmi	B	Korea (Gwangju)	1999	M	27.2	NA	Br	Y	P	Br	D	CR	37.9	19.3	63	, RDA 2008
82	Jangwon	B	Pokwang/SS84040	2000	M	26.9	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	38.1	26.6	82	, RDA 2008
83	Sinrokkong	B	Suwon163 (Mikawashima)/Jinpum 2	2000	ML	29.5	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	V&E	NA	NA	38	, RDA 2008
84	Seonnogkong	B	Keunol/Vegetable soybean form Japan	2000	L	30.9	S	LG	Y	W	T	D	V&E	40.6	22.7	41	, RDA 2008
85	Soho	B	Namhae/YS569	2000	SM	19.6	G	Y	Y	W	LBr	D	BS	40.8	19.6	57	, RDA 2008
86	Saebyeol	B	Bukwang/Namhae	2000	S	12.9	G	Y	Y	P	DBr	D	BS	40.2	22.2	68	, RDA 2008
87	Cheongja	B	Milyang55/Geomjeong 1	2000	M	28.8	O	Bl	G	P	Bl	D	CR	40.2	20.2	74	, Baek et al. 2001b
88	Jinmi	B	HS12/Manli	2001	M	23	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	38.7	19.2	69	, RDA 2008
89	Sorog	B	Pureun/Namhae	2001	S	11.9	G	LG	Y	P	Br	D	BS	37.7	16.7	72	GBIC
90	Geomjeong3	B	Sinnongheuk (Sinano Kuro)/SNUA78010	2001	L	31	S	Bl	Y	P	Bl	D	CR	37.3	18.1	67	, RDA 2008
91	Geomjeong4	B	YS823/YCS87-3	2001	M	28	O	Bl	Y	P	Bl	D	CR	33.9	20.7	66	, RDA 2008
92	Anpyeong	B	Eunha/SS88034-1	2002	S	11.6	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	BS	NA	NA	64	, Yun et al. 2005b
93	Seonam	B	Kosuzu/Bukwang	2002	ES	9	G	Y	Y	P	Br	D	BS	34.8	16.3	49	, RDA 2008
94	Dagi	B	Namhae/D70-6545	2002	S	11.4	G	Y	Y	P	Br	D	BS	36.5	16.7	52	, RDA 2008
95	Dachae	B	Hannam/Eunha	2002	ES	8.6	G	Y	Y	P	LBr	D	BS	34.2	18.3	34	, Shin et al. 2003
96	Daepung	B	Baegun/Sinpaldal2	2002	M	20.7	G	Y	Y	W	LBr	D	S&T	36.4	21.2	58	, Park et al. 2005
97	Hojang	B	HS309/Suwon153	2002	M	21.6	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	37.8	18.2	54	, RDA 2008
98	Daol	B	Keunol/YS1040	2002	L	33.6	G	Y	Y	W	LBr	D	S&T	40.7	17.5	51	, Baek et al. 2003
99	Danmi	B	Milyang37/Josaengbaegjo (Wase Hakucho)	2002	L	31.3	G	LG	Y	W	Y	D	V&E	44.4	17.4	46	, Kang et al. 2003
100	Shingi	B	Baegun/Sinpaldal 2	2003	M	22.5	G	Y	Y	P	LBr	D	S&T	38.5	NA	73	, RDA 2008
101	Daemang	B	Jangyeob/Seokryangput (Yusuzumit)	2003	L	31.4	G	LG	Y	W	Br	D	S&T	39	NA	44	Kim et al. 2006
102	Sojin	B	Danyeob (Essex)/SI93001	2003	ES	9.7	G	Y	Y	P	LBr	D	BS	38.2	19.9	52	, RDA 2008
103	Bosug	B	Namhae/Camp	2003	ES	8.6	G	Y	Y	P	Br	SD	BS	38.5	20.8	65	, RDA 2008
104	Cheongdu1	B	SI93006/Sinpaldal 2	2003	M	24.5	G	G	G	W	Bl	D	CR	42.1	17	69	, Yun et al. 2005a
105	Cheongja2	B	Milyang70/Ilpumgeomjeong	2003	M	26	O	Bl	G	P	Bl	D	CR	42.9	18.7	68	, RDA 2008
106	Dajin	B	YS1040/Keunol	2003	M	20.7	NA	G	Y	W	Y	D	V&E	NA	NA	NA	, RDA 2008
107	Seonyu	B	Suwon162/YS548	2004	ML	29.6	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	37.5	17.9	54	, RDA 2008
108	Sokang	B	Namhae/Camp	2004	ES	9.5	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	BS	37.1	20.1	53	, RDA 2008
109	Nogchae	B	Pureun/Milyang44	2004	ES	9.1	G	G	G	W	Y	D	BS	NA	NA	41	, RDA 2008
110	Geomjeongsaeol	B	Keunol/Geumjeongol	2004	L	31.1	G	Bl	Y	P	Bl	D	CR	43.1	19.7	45	, Baek et al. 2005
111	Cheongja3	B	Suwon174/Mokpo17	2004	L	32.1	S	Bl	G	P	Bl	D	CR	42	17.1	65	, RDA 2008
112	Daemang2	B	Sinpaldal2/Seokryangput (Yusuzumit)	2005	M	25.3	S	LG	Y	W	G	D	S&T	NA	NA	NA	, Yun et al. 2006
113	Wonhwang	B	Camp/Myeongjunamul	2005	S	10	G	Y	Y	P	LBr	D	BS	36.7	20.1	45	, RDA 2008
114	Jangki	B	Eunha/MS91088	2005	S	11.9	G	Y	Y	P	LBr	D	BS	NA	NA	NA	, Oh et al. 2006
115	Ilpumgeomjeong2	B	Milyang68/Suwon178	2005	M	25	G	Bl	Y	P	Bl	D	CR	41.9	19.8	49	, RDA 2008
116	Mirang	B	Keunol/Geumjeongol	2005	M	25.4	G	Bl	Y	W	Bl	D	V&E	43.5	17.4	45	, Baek et al. 2006
117	Danmi2	B	Seokryangput(Yusuzumit)/YS1274	2005	L	30.6	G	LG	Y	W	G	D	V&E	41.1	20	36	, RDA 2008
118	Mansu	B	Suwon192/Suwon196	2006	M	26.5	G	LG	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	37.7	19.1	64	, RDA 2008
119	Hoban	B	GWS91/Jinpum	2006	ML	29	S	Y	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	39	18.5	66	, RDA 2008
120	Jonam	B	Eunha/Jeonju-11	2006	NA	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	NA	NA	BS	NA	NA	NA	, Oh et al. 2007
121	Pungwon	B	SI93001/Suwon164	2006	S	10.9	NA	Y	Y	NA	NA	D	BS	40.3	16.3	45	, RDA 2008
122	Heugmi	B	Milyang78/Milyang68	2006	M	24.8	G	Bl	G	P	NA	D	CR	45.2	17.2	55	, RDA 2008
123	Socheong	B	Milyang78/Peking	2006	SM	15.7	PS	Bl	G	W	Bl	D	S&T	41.8	15.6	62	, Baek et al. 2000
124	Nokwon	B	Keunol/Hyangnam1	2006	L	30.6	G	LG	Y	W	Br	D	V&E	39.4	17.3	34	, Ko et al. 2008
125	Nampung	B	Suwon190/Bogwang	2007	SM	19.9	G	Y	Y	W	Br	D	S&T	36.8	17.4	58	, Kim et al. 2010b
126	Daeyang	B	Suwon192/SS91414	2007	M	25.2	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	36.6	16.9	59	, Kim et al. 2010a
127	Wongwang	B	Danyeob (Essex)/MS91001	2007	S	10.9	G	Y	Y	P	LBr	D	BS	37.3	17.1	60	, Oh et al. 2009
128	Hoseo	B	Camp/Nattosan	2007	ES	7.4	G	Y	Y	P	LBr	D	BS	40.3	14.7	58	, RDA 2008
129	Sinhwa	B	Sowon * 4/PI96983	2007	S	12.1	NA	Y	Y	NA	NA	D	BS	38.1	17.1	52	, RDA 2008
130	Daeheug	B	Daehwang/Milyang79	2007	L	34.3	S	Bl	Y	P	Bl	D	CR	43.5	18.6	51	, RDA 2008
131	Sangwon	B	Keunol/Oshimamidori	2007	NA	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	V&E	44	14.8	45	, RDA 2011
132	Daewang	B	GWS91/Seokryangput (Yusuzumit)	2007	L	33.6	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	38.3	17.1	67	, Choi et al. 2011
133	Gangil	B	Suwon191/Suwon196	2007	M	23.3	G	Y	Y	P	NA	D	S&T	38	19.1	59	KSVS
134	Cheonga	B	Sinpaldal2/SS91809	2007	M	25.2	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	37.6	18.6	62	, Ha et al. 2013
135	Daeha 1	B	Suwon192/SS91414	2008	M	25.4	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	36	19.5	57	, Baek et al. 2013a
136	Cheonsang	B	Suwon190/Hwangkeum	2008	M	24.8	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	39.2	20.3	76	, Kim et al. 2012
137	Shingang	B	Sowon * 4/L29	2008	S	11	G	Y	Y	P	LBr	D	BS	36.6	18.4	60	, RDA 2011
138	Sohwang	B	Pungsannamul/HS759	2008	ES	8.5	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	BS	41.6	16.2	55	, RDA 2011
139	Galchae	B	YS1287/Jinju1	2008	ES	8.4	G	Br	Y	P	Br	D	BS	41.5	15.5	55	, Oh et al. 2009b
140	Heugseong	B	Gnome 85/Cheongja	2008	ML	29.2	PS	Bl	Y	P	Bl	D	CR	38.7	18.5	54	, Han et al. 2010
141	Jungmo3001	B	Jinju1/PI96188	2008	NA	NA	NA	Bl	Y	NA	NA	NA	BS	NA	NA	NA	KSVS
142	Jungmo3002	B	Tawon/Jinju1	2008	NA	NA	NA	Bl	Y	NA	NA	NA	CR	NA	NA	NA	KSVS
143	Hanol	B	SS91408/Hwaeomput (Kegon)	2009	M	26.4	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	43	16.3	39	, RDA 2011
144	Sohyeon	B	Wonheug/Cheongyeob 1/Joyang 1	2009	ES	8.8	NA	Bl	Y	NA	NA	D	BS	NA	NA	NA	RDA 2010
145	Geomjeong5	B	Sinpaldal2/Geomjeong2	2009	M	23.2	G	Bl	Y	P	Bl	D	S&T	42	17.8	60	, Han et al. 2013
146	Soheuk	B	Milyang78/Peking	2009	S	12.2	PS	Bl	G	W	Bl	D	S&T	38.8	18.9	56	RDA 2010
147	Cheongyeob	B	Ilpumgeomjeong/Daehwang	2009	L	35.8	G	Bl	Y	W	Bl	D	V&E	43.9	17.1	64	, Han et al. 2012
148	Jungmo3003	B	Suwon191/Milyang83	2009	NA	NA	S	Y	Y	P	Br	D	S&T	NA	NA	NA	KSVS
149	Manpoong	B	Dongsan (Touzan) 121/Sprite87	2009	M	29.5	S	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	41.3	19.3	82	, Yi et al. 2014
150	Uram	B	Suwon190//Sinpaldal2/T243	2010	M	25.8	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	37.5	21.4	79	RDA 2010
151	Saedanbaek	B	MD87L/SS92414	2010	M	20.7	G	Y	Y	W	LBr	D	S&T	48.2	16.4	64	, RDA 2011
152	Hwangkeumol	B	SS92414/Hwaeomput (Kegon)	2010	M	28.6	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	40.8	18.7	45	, RDA 2012
153	Sowon2010	B	Sowon * 4/L29	2010	S	11.7	G	Y	Y	P	LBr	D	BS	37.6	18.4	76	RDA 2010
154	Joyang	B	Pungsannamul/Suwon187	2010	S	11.6	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	BS	41.7	19.5	51	, Kim et al. 2014
155	Jungmo3006	B	Hwangkeum * 4/V94-5152	2010	M	24.9	NA	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	S&T	NA	NA	95	GBIC
156	Jungmo3007	B	Taekwang * 4/V94-5152	2010	M	24.9	NA	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	S&T	NA	NA	85	GBIC
157	Jungmo3004	B	Iksan21/Milyang98	2010	L	NA	S	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	NA	NA	NA	KSVS
158	Jungmo3005	B	Cheongja/Geomjeong3	2010	L	NA	G	G	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	NA	NA	NA	KSVS
159	Wonheug	B	YS1286B/Jinju1	2010	ES	8.8	G	Bl	Y	P	Bl	D	BS	42.6	15	57	KSVS
160	Neulchan	B	SS91501-9-1-1/SS96205	2011	M	21.7	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	38.7	22.1	61	NICS
161	Chamol	B	Sinpaldal2/Keunol	2011	M	27.7	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	43.7	19.3	44	NICS
162	jungmo3008ho	B	Hwangkeum/SS01408	2012	L	36.5	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	42	18.2	70	NICS
163	jungmo3009ho	B	Milyang121/Daemang	2012	ML	29.3	G	Bl	G	W	NA	D	CR	40.4	17.1	86	NICS
164	Jinpung	B	Daepung/SS01211	2012	M	23	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	40.1	19.6	61	NICS
165	Haepum	B	Bosug/Suwon214	2012	S	10.4	G	Y	Y	W	LBr	D	BS	38.4	14.2	61	NICS
166	Saegeum	B	Daepung/SS98207-3SSD-168	2013	ML	25.4	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	38.8	17.3	79	NICS
167	Seonpung	B	Suwon224/YS1325-3S-2	2013	L	25.9	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	39.8	18	67	NICS
168	Jangol	B	SI993773 (Janghak5)/Suwon192	2013	SM	18.9	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	36.9	20.1	64	NICS
169	jungmo3010ho	B	SI993788/SI0001 (Ziong pin95-6173)	2013	SM	17.1	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	37.7	19.4	77	NICS
170	Jungmo3011ho	B	Cheongja3/Danpaheukdu (Tanba Kuro)	2013	EL	66.4	G	Bl	Y	P	Bl	D	CR	40.5	16.8	80	NICS
171	Cheongmiin	B	Cheongja/Daemang	2013	L	34.3	G	G	G	W	Bl	D	CR	41.3	16.5	67	NICS
172	Taeseon	B	Shingi/Taekwang	2013	M	22.2	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	38	18.5	68	NICS
173	Daechan	B	Suwon224/YS1325	2014	L	24.5	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	39.5	16.8	68	KSVS
174	Daepung2	B	Daepung/SS98207	2014	M	20.9	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	39.3	19.7	54	NICS
175	Duruol	B	Hwaeomput (Kegon)/Suwon191	2014	L	27.7	G	Y	Y	W	LBr	D	S&T	40.5	18	59	NICS
176	Miso	B	Daemang/Jinpum 2	2014	L	28.2	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	40.8	17.1	77	NICS
177	Socheongja	B	Suwon214/YCL4	2014	S	12	G	Bl	G	W	Bl	D	CR	43.3	16.1	89	NICS
178	Haewon	B	Bosug/Somyeong	2014	ES	8.1	G	Y	Y	P	LBr	D	BS	39.8	16.8	55	NICS

^z)L: Landrace, I: Introduced, B: Bred

^y)EL: Extra Large, L: large, ML: Medium to large, M: Medium, SM: Small to medium, S: Small, ES: Extra small, NA: Not available

^x)G: Globular, O: Oval, S: Spheroid, PS: Prolate Spheroid, NA: Not availabl

^w)Y: Yellow, Bl: Black, Br: Brown, G: Green, LY: Light yellow, LG: Light green, NA: Not available

^v)Y: Yellow, G: Green

^u)P: Purple, W: White, NA: Not available

^t)W: White, Y: Yellow, Br: Brown, G: Gray, T: Taupe, Bl: Black, DBr: Deep brown, LBr: Light brown, LY: Light Yellow, NA: Not available

^s)D: Determinate, ID: Indeterminate, SD: Semi-determinate, NA: Not available

^r)S&T: Soy sauce & Tofu, BS: Bean sprout, V&E: Vegetable & early maturity, CR: Cooking with rice

^q)GBIC: RDA-Genebank Information Center, KSVS: Korea Seed & Variety Service, NICS: National Institute of Crop Science, RDA 2008: Bibliography of soybean varieties (in Korean), RDA 2010: 2010 Commentary of major field crops (in Korea), RDA 2011: 2011 Commentary of major field crops II (in Korea), RDA 2012: 2012 Commentary of field crops (in Korean)

^*NA: Not available

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Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]: Importance as A Crop and Pedigree Reconstruction of Korean Varieties

Plant Breed. Biotech.. 2015;3(3):179-196. Published online September 30, 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/PBB.2015.3.3.179

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Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]: Importance as A Crop and Pedigree Reconstruction of Korean Varieties

Plant Breed. Biotech.. 2015;3(3):179-196. Published online September 30, 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/PBB.2015.3.3.179

Figure

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]: Importance as A Crop and Pedigree Reconstruction of Korean Varieties

Fig. 1 Summary of 178 registered Korean soybean cultivars. A. Distribution of cultivars according to utilization. It is classified into four categories; vegetable & early maturity, soy sauce & tofu, bean sprout and cooking with rice. B. Classification of soybean cultivars according to their origin of development. C. Distribution of soybean varieties according to their registered timeline.

Fig. 2 Reconstructed pedigrees of Korean soybean varieties. The pedigrees consist of a total of 168 registered Korean soybean cultivars. Some of registered cultivars originated from landraces after selection processes for line purification. Information implicated in shape, line and color, is denoted in the figure legends. A. Pedigree I. This pedigree contains a total of 174 nodes, which is composed of 24 introduced lines, 49 breeding lines, 7 landraces and 84 hybridization-bred varieties. In this pedigree, ‘Kwangkyo’, ‘Hwangkeum’, ‘Paldal’ and ‘Sinpaldal2’ are the major crossing parents. B. Pedigree II. It is consists of 122 nodes, containing 26 introduced lines, 33 breeding lines, 1 landrace and 61 bred varieties. Central crossing parents involve ‘Jangyeob’, ‘Baegun’, ‘Kwnagkyo’, ‘Keunol’. C. Pedigree III. This pedigree is composed of 90 nodes, which contains 15 introduced lines, 23 breeding lines, 2 landraces and 47 improved varieties. Three parents, ‘Pangsa’, ‘Eunha’ and ‘Danyeob’, played the most central roles in hybridization-based breeding. D. Pedigree IV. This one is an orphan pedigree that could not be connected to any other major pedigrees. The pedigree contains 6 introduced line, 12 breeding line, 3 landraces and 11 bred varieties.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]: Importance as A Crop and Pedigree Reconstruction of Korean Varieties

Table 1

Summary of Korean soybean varieties according to their utilization.

Released time periods	Breeding mathods	Vegetable & early maturity	Soy sauce & Tofu	Bean sprout	Cooking with rice
1913~1969	Korea landrace	-	Jangdanbaekmok, Chungbukbaek, Iksan, Buseok, Haman, Keumgangdaelip, Keumgangsolip, Kwangdu	-	-
	Hybridization	-	Kwangkyo	-	-
	Introduction	-	Yukwoo3, Shelby	Hill	-

1970s	Korea landrace	-	Bong-Eui, Kang-lim,	-	-
	Hybridization	-	Baegcheon, Jangyeobkong	-	-
	Introduction	-	Eundaedu, Dongpuk-tae	Danyeobkong	-

1980s	Korea landrace	-	-	-	-
	Hybridization	-	Hwangkeumkong, Jangbaegkong, Namcheonkong, Togyukong, Milyangkong, Baegunkong, Saealkong, Paldalkong, Pokwangkong, Dankyeongkong, Muhankong, Jangkyongkong, Jangsukong, Danweonkong	Pangsakong, Eunhakong, Namhaekong	-
	Introduction	-	-	-	-

1990s	Korea landrace	Keunolkong, Hwaseongputkong, Geomjeongolkong	-	-	Heugcheongkong, Galmikong
	Hybridization	-	Manlikong, Sinpaldalkong, Taekwangkong, Samnamkong, Sinpaldalkong2, Danbaekkong, Duyoukong, Soyangkong, Geumgangkong, Alchankong, Dajangkong, Daewonkong, Jangmikong, Sodamkong, Songhagkong, Ilmikong, Saeolkong, Daehwangkong	Bukwangkong, Kwangankong, Pureunkong, Hannamkong, Myeongjunamulkong, Iksannamulkong, Sobaegnamulkong, Pungsannamulkong, Tawonkong, Somyeongkong, Paldonamulkong, Sowonkong, Doremikong	Geomjeongkong1, Geomjeongkong2, Ilpumgeomjeongkong, Seonheukkong, Jinyulkong
	Introduction	Hwaeomputkong, Seokryangputkong	Jinpumkong, Jinpumkong2	-	-

2000s	Korea landrace	-	-	-	-
	Hybridization	Sinrokkong, Seonnogkong, Danmi, Dajin, Mirang, Danmi2, Nokwon, Sangwon, Cheongyeob	Jangwonkong, Jinmi, Daepung, Hojang, Shingi, Daemang, Daol, Seonyu, Daemang2, Mansu, Hoban, Nampung, Daeyang, Daewang, Gangil, Cheonga, Daeha, Cheonsang, Socheong, Hanol, Geomjeong5, Soheuk, Manpoong, Jungmo3003	Sohokong, Seabyeolkong, Sorog, Anpyeong, Seonam, Dagi, Dachae, Sojin, Bosug, Sogang, Nogchae, Wonhwang, Jangki, Jonam, Pungwon, Wonkwang, Hoseo, Sinhwa, Shingang, Sohwang, Galchae, Jungmo3001, Sohyeon	Cheongjakong, Geomjeongkong 3, Geomjeongkong 4, Cheongdu1, Cheongja2, Geomjeongsaeol, Cheongja3, Ilpumgeomjeong2, Heugmi, Daeheug, Heugseong, Jungmo3002
	Introduction	-	-	-	-

2010s	Korea landrace	-	-	-	-
	Hybridization	-	Uram, Saedanbaek, Hwangkeumol, Jungmo3006, Jungmo3007, Jungmo3004, Neulchan, Chamol, Jungmo3008, Jinpung, Saegeum, Seonpung, Jungmo3010, Teaseon, Daechan, Daepung2, Duruol, Miso, Jungmo3005, Jangol	Sowon2010, Joyang1, Haepum, Wonheug, Haewon	Jungmo3009, Jungmo3011, Cheongmiin, Socheongja
	Introduction	-	-	-	-

Table 2

Summary of 178 Korean soybean varieties.

	Name	Breeding method z)	Parents (Maternal/Paternal)	Year released	Seed			Color				Growth type s)	Utilization r)	Crude protein (%)*	Crude oil (%)*	Height (cm)*	Dataq)

					Size y)	Weight (g/100 seeds)	Shape x)	Seed-coat w)	Cotyledon v)	Flower u)	Hilum t)
1	Jangdanbaekmok	L	Korea (Jangdan)	1913	M	25.2	G	Y	Y	P	W	D	S&T	44.9	15.7	56	GBIC
2	Chungbukbaek	L	Korea (Chungbuk)	1948	M	22.7	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	44.3	16.2	46	GBIC
3	Iksan	L	Korea (Iksan)	1948	S	14.8	O	Y	Y	P	Br	ID	S&T	43.7	14.6	76	GBIC
4	Buseok	L	Korea (Youngju)	1948	M	25.4	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	45.2	15.4	58	GBIC
5	Haman	L	Korea (Haman)	1960	M	20.8	G	Y	Y	P	Br	D	S&T	42.5	17.1	51	GBIC
6	Keumgangdaelip	L	Korea (Anyang)	1960	M	23.6	NA	Y	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	NA	NA	NA	RDA 2008
7	Keumgangsorip	L	Korea	1960	SM	18.7	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	46.6	13.9	42	GBIC
8	Yukwoo 3	I	Japan (Rikuu 3)	1960	M	16.1	NA	Y	Y	P	G	D	S&T	NA	NA	50	RDA 2008
9	Kwangdu	L	Korea (Jeonnam)	1966	M	20.6	G	Y	Y	W	Br	D	S&T	43.2	16.3	45	GBIC
10	Hill	I	The USA (D632-15/D49-2525)	1967	S	14.4	NA	Y	Y	W	DBr	NA	BS	NA	NA	NA	RDA 2008
11	Shelby	I	The USA (Lincoln(2)/Richland)	1967	NA	NA	NA	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	S&T	40.4	20	NA	GBIC
12	Kwangkyo	B	Jangdanbaekmok/Yukwoo 3 (Rikuu3)	1969	M	20	G	Y	Y	P	T	D	S&T	41.4	9.8	72	GBIC
13	Bong-Eui	B	Lincoln/Yukwoo 3 (Rikuu 3)	1970	M	16.7	G	C	Y	P	LBr	D	S&T	NA	NA	51	RDA 2008
14	Eundaedu	I	Japan (Gin Daizu)	1970	M	24.2	NA	V	Y	P	Br	NA	S&T	NA	NA	58	RDA 2008
15	Kang-lim	B	Keumgangdaelip/Norin 1	1974	M	24	G	Y	Y	W	Bl	D	S&T	44.4	18.8	79.7	RDA 2008
16	Dongpuk-tae	I	Japan (Raiden)	1974	NA	NA	NA	Y	Y	P	LBr	D	S&T	NA	NA	NA	RDA 2008
17	Baegcheon	B	Eunbaek (Ginjiro)/Dancheondamrok	1977	SM	19	NA	Y	G	W	Br	D	S&T	46.3	16	NA	RDA 2008
18	Danyeob	I	The USA (Essex, Lee/S55-7075)	1978	S	12.7	G	Y	Y	P	G	SD	BS	40.9	15.2	63	GBIC
19	Jangyeob	B	Miyagi Sirome/SS7023	1978	M	24	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	38.1	17.4	46	GBIC
20	Hwangkeum	B	SS7006//Baekmokjangyeob	1980	M	25	G	Y	Y	P	Br	D	S&T	36.7	19.7	49	GBIC
21	Jangbaeg	B	Suwon61/SS6807	1982	M	15.4	G	LY	Y	W	Br	SD	S&T	40.9	19	87	RDA 2008
22	Namcheon	B	Dongpuktae/Tachi Suzunari	1982	M	21.3	G	Y	Y	P	Br	D	S&T	42.4	12.8	60	GBIC
23	Togyukong	B	SS74185/Jangyeob	1983	SM	18	O	Y	Y	P	Br	D	S&T	41.4	15.9	69	GBIC
24	Milyang	B	Kwangkyo/Williams	1983	M	19.9	NA	Y	Y	W	T	ID	S&T	NA	NA	92	RDA 2008
25	Baegun	B	Kwangkyo/dtl-long raceme	1984	M	21.1	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	40.8	19.9	70	GBIC
26	Pangsa	B	Mutant from CB27	1984	S	9.9	G	Y	Y	P	Br	D	BS	39.6	17.5	68	GBIC
27	Saeal	B	Kwangkyo/SS7145	1984	M	25	O	Y	Y	P	LY	D	S&T	40.3	13.7	67	GBIC
28	Paldal	B	Elf/SS74185	1985	S	15	O	Y	Y	P	Bl	D	S&T	41.6	15.8	53	GBIC
29	Pokwangkong	B	Jangyeob/PI219787	1986	M	25.4	NA	Y	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	40.7	20.3	86	RDA 2008
30	Dankyeong	B	Kwangkyo/Willams	1986	SM	18.8	G	Y	Y	W	T	D	S&T	39.7	17.6	43	GBIC
31	Eunha	B	D69-7816/Danyeob (Essex)	1986	S	11.6	G	Y	Y	P	Br	D	BS	40.5	18.6	63	GBIC
32	Muhan	B	Hwangkeum/Wells	1988	SM	18.2	G	Y	Y	P	Br	ID	S&T	40.7	19	129	GBIC
33	Namhae	B	Danyeob (Essex)/Hill	1988	SM	12.4	G	Y	Y	W	LY	D	BS	43.9	16.4	85	GBIC
34	Jangkyongkong	B	Kwangkyo/Harcor	1988	M	22.9	O	Y	Y	W	LBr	ID	S&T	43.8	18.4	88	GBIC
35	Jangsu	B	Elf/SS74185	1989	M	22.2	G	Y	Y	P	LBr	ID	S&T	40.9	21.4	91	RDA 2008
36	Danweonkong	B	Willams/Suwon61	1989	SM	18.2	G	Y	Y	W	T	D	S&T	39.9	19.4	70	RDA 2008
37	Malli	B	Jangyeob/PI219782	1990	SM	18.9	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	41.2	17	68	GBIC
38	Sinpaldal	B	Will/SS79168	1991	SM	17.2	G	Y	Y	W	Br	D	S&T	39.5	21	57	GBIC
39	Taekwang	B	SS77011/Dongsan (Touzan) 53	1991	M	22.9	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	41.2	15.5	75	GBIC
40	Samnam	B	Suwon101/YS104	1991	M	21.2	NA	Y	Y	W	Br	D	S&T	40.9	17.7	73	RDA 2008
41	Keunol	B	Korea (Chilgok)	1991	M	28.4	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	V&E	42.1	17	38	RDA 2008
42	Sinpaldal2	B	Togyu/SS79168	1992	SM	19.5	G	Y	Y	W	Br	D	S&T	NA	NA	55	RDA 2008
43	Bukwang	B	Jangbaeg/Pangsa	1992	S	13.9	G	Y	Y	W	T	D	BS	40.2	15.1	76	GBIC
44	Geomjeong1	B	SS833020/Hwangkeum	1993	M	29	G	Bl	Y	W	Bl	D	CR	41.4	20	71	RDA 2008
45	Danbeakkong	B	Dongsan (Touzan) 69/D76-8070	1993	SM	13.9	G	Y	Y	P	Br	D	S&T	48.5	13.3	84	GBIC
46	Kwangan	B	Dongsan (Touzan) 69/Hwangkeum	1993	S	11.4	NA	Y	Y	P	Bl	D	BS	44.7	NA	92	RDA 2008
47	Pureun	B	Cheongsaeknamul/L78-379	1993	M	20.1	NA	G	Y	W	Bl	D	BS	NA	NA	NA	RDA 2008
48	Hwaeomput	I	Japan (Kegon)	1993	M	27.2	G	Y	Y	W	G	D	V&E	45.7	17.3	47	RDA 2008
49	Duyou	B	Milyang18/Bonghwajaerae	1993	NA	NA	NA	Y	Y	W	T	D	S&T	39.3	20.5	47	RDA 2008
50	Hwasongputkong	L	Korea (Yongin)	1993	NA	NA	NA	Y	Y	W	Br	D	V&E	48.7	17.8	47	RDA 2008
51	Soyang	B	SS79149/L78-379	1993	NA	NA	NA	Y	Y	W	Br	NA	S&T	NA	NA	NA	RDA 2008
52	Seokryangput	I	Japan (Yusuzumit)	1994	L	37	G	LG	Y	W	Br	D	V&E	NA	NA	24	GBIC
53	Jinpum	I	Japan	1994	NA	NA	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	41.3	20	NA	RDA 2008
54	Hannam	B	YS236/SS79168-67-5	1994	S	11	G	Y	Y	P	Y	SD	BS	NA	NA	NA	RDA 2008
55	Myeongjunamul	B	Jangyeob/Baegun	1995	S	11.4	G	Y	Y	P	LBr	D	BS	37.5	19.3	65	RDA 2008
56	Iksannamul	B	Danyeob (Essex)/Hill	1995	S	12.6	G	Y	Y	W	LBr	D	BS	NA	NA	76	RDA 2008
57	Geumgangkong	B	YS267/YS268	1995	SM	18.8	G	Y	Y	W	G	D	S&T	42.3	19.2	53	RDA 2008
58	Sobaegnamul	B	Milyang18/Bonghwajaerae	1995	S	11	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	BS	NA	NA	47	RDA 2008
59	Alchan	B	Hwangkeum/Eunha	1996	S	14.6	NA	Y	Y	P	LBr	D	S&T	38.7	19.3	71	RDA 2008
60	Dajang	B	YS23-2B-3-9-9-1/Paldal	1996	SM	19.9	G	Y	Y	W	G	D	S&T	44.9	18.7	50	Shin et al. 1997
61	Pungsannamul	B	Pangsa/KLS87092	1996	S	11.3	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	BS	38.5	19.9	60	RDA 2008
62	Jinpum 2	I	Japan	1996	M	21.9	G	Y	Y	P	Y	NA	S&T	38.2	18	72	RDA 2008
63	Geomjeong2	B	SS83021/SS83033	1996	M	28.3	G	Bl	Y	P	Bl	D	CR	40.8	17.9	83	RDA 2008
64	Geomjeongol	L	Korea	1996	M	22.4	G	Bl	Y	P	Bl	D	V&E	42.8	17.9	52	RDA 2008
65	Daewon	B	Suwon133/Milyang18	1997	L	24.6	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	40.7	18.7	78	GBIC
66	Jangmi	B	YS110-2B-3-1/SLSB87-2	1997	SM	19.3	O	Y	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	NA	NA	63	RDA 2008
67	Ilpumgeomjeong	B	SLSB87-3/YS558	1997	M	27.6	G	Bl	Y	P	Bl	D	CR	39.5	19.6	54	RDA 2008
68	Tawon	B	Paldal/ES33	1997	ES	9.2	G	Bl	Y	P	Bl	D	BS	43	15.8	42	RDA 2008
69	Somyeong	B	Eunha/Pangsa	1998	ES	8.3	NA	Y	Y	P	LBr	D	BS	NA	NA	NA	RDA 2008
70	Paldonamul	B	KW220-26/Hill	1998	S	11.8	NA	Y	Y	P	Br	D	BS	39.1	NA	57	RDA 2008
71	Sodam	B	SNUA78010/Dongsan (Touzan) 127	1998	M	25.2	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	40.8	18.8	66	RDA 2008
72	Seonheuk	B	Hwangkeum/Sinnongheuk (Sinano Kuro)	1998	L	34.2	NA	Bl	Y	P	Bl	D	CR	40.1	NA	NA	RDA 2008
73	songhagkong	B	Dongsan (Touzan) 74/Jangbaeg	1998	M	20.9	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	42.8	21	71	RDA 2008
74	Ilmi	B	YS536/Paldal	1998	M	20.2	G	Y	Y	P	Br	SD	S&T	40.3	19.3	68	RDA 2008
75	Saeol	B	YS841/Baeksajajidu (Shirojishi)	1998	M	27.2	S	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	41.8	16	43	RDA 2008
76	Sowon	B	Eunha/Pangsa	1999	ES	9.3	NA	Y	Y	P	LBr	D	BS	NA	NA	NA	Park et al. 2000
77	Doremi	B	Namhae/YS569	1999	S	11	G	Y	Y	W	DBr	D	BS	40.8	17.9	NA	RDA 2008
78	Daehwang	B	Keunol/SLSB87-3	1999	L	31.9	S	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	NA	NA	NA	Baek et al. 2001a
79	Jinyul	B	Hwangkeum/Sinnongheuk (Sinano Kuro)	1999	M	28.3	NA	Br	Y	P	Br	D	CR	41.1	18.6	66	Yun et al. 2000
80	Heugcheongkong	B	Korea (Yeongwol)	1999	L	30.6	S	Bl	G	P	NA	D	CR	39.2	21.1	77	RDA 2008
81	Galmi	B	Korea (Gwangju)	1999	M	27.2	NA	Br	Y	P	Br	D	CR	37.9	19.3	63	RDA 2008
82	Jangwon	B	Pokwang/SS84040	2000	M	26.9	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	38.1	26.6	82	RDA 2008
83	Sinrokkong	B	Suwon163 (Mikawashima)/Jinpum 2	2000	ML	29.5	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	V&E	NA	NA	38	RDA 2008
84	Seonnogkong	B	Keunol/Vegetable soybean form Japan	2000	L	30.9	S	LG	Y	W	T	D	V&E	40.6	22.7	41	RDA 2008
85	Soho	B	Namhae/YS569	2000	SM	19.6	G	Y	Y	W	LBr	D	BS	40.8	19.6	57	RDA 2008
86	Saebyeol	B	Bukwang/Namhae	2000	S	12.9	G	Y	Y	P	DBr	D	BS	40.2	22.2	68	RDA 2008
87	Cheongja	B	Milyang55/Geomjeong 1	2000	M	28.8	O	Bl	G	P	Bl	D	CR	40.2	20.2	74	Baek et al. 2001b
88	Jinmi	B	HS12/Manli	2001	M	23	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	38.7	19.2	69	RDA 2008
89	Sorog	B	Pureun/Namhae	2001	S	11.9	G	LG	Y	P	Br	D	BS	37.7	16.7	72	GBIC
90	Geomjeong3	B	Sinnongheuk (Sinano Kuro)/SNUA78010	2001	L	31	S	Bl	Y	P	Bl	D	CR	37.3	18.1	67	RDA 2008
91	Geomjeong4	B	YS823/YCS87-3	2001	M	28	O	Bl	Y	P	Bl	D	CR	33.9	20.7	66	RDA 2008
92	Anpyeong	B	Eunha/SS88034-1	2002	S	11.6	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	BS	NA	NA	64	Yun et al. 2005b
93	Seonam	B	Kosuzu/Bukwang	2002	ES	9	G	Y	Y	P	Br	D	BS	34.8	16.3	49	RDA 2008
94	Dagi	B	Namhae/D70-6545	2002	S	11.4	G	Y	Y	P	Br	D	BS	36.5	16.7	52	RDA 2008
95	Dachae	B	Hannam/Eunha	2002	ES	8.6	G	Y	Y	P	LBr	D	BS	34.2	18.3	34	Shin et al. 2003
96	Daepung	B	Baegun/Sinpaldal2	2002	M	20.7	G	Y	Y	W	LBr	D	S&T	36.4	21.2	58	Park et al. 2005
97	Hojang	B	HS309/Suwon153	2002	M	21.6	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	37.8	18.2	54	RDA 2008
98	Daol	B	Keunol/YS1040	2002	L	33.6	G	Y	Y	W	LBr	D	S&T	40.7	17.5	51	Baek et al. 2003
99	Danmi	B	Milyang37/Josaengbaegjo (Wase Hakucho)	2002	L	31.3	G	LG	Y	W	Y	D	V&E	44.4	17.4	46	Kang et al. 2003
100	Shingi	B	Baegun/Sinpaldal 2	2003	M	22.5	G	Y	Y	P	LBr	D	S&T	38.5	NA	73	RDA 2008
101	Daemang	B	Jangyeob/Seokryangput (Yusuzumit)	2003	L	31.4	G	LG	Y	W	Br	D	S&T	39	NA	44	Kim et al. 2006
102	Sojin	B	Danyeob (Essex)/SI93001	2003	ES	9.7	G	Y	Y	P	LBr	D	BS	38.2	19.9	52	RDA 2008
103	Bosug	B	Namhae/Camp	2003	ES	8.6	G	Y	Y	P	Br	SD	BS	38.5	20.8	65	RDA 2008
104	Cheongdu1	B	SI93006/Sinpaldal 2	2003	M	24.5	G	G	G	W	Bl	D	CR	42.1	17	69	Yun et al. 2005a
105	Cheongja2	B	Milyang70/Ilpumgeomjeong	2003	M	26	O	Bl	G	P	Bl	D	CR	42.9	18.7	68	RDA 2008
106	Dajin	B	YS1040/Keunol	2003	M	20.7	NA	G	Y	W	Y	D	V&E	NA	NA	NA	RDA 2008
107	Seonyu	B	Suwon162/YS548	2004	ML	29.6	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	37.5	17.9	54	RDA 2008
108	Sokang	B	Namhae/Camp	2004	ES	9.5	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	BS	37.1	20.1	53	RDA 2008
109	Nogchae	B	Pureun/Milyang44	2004	ES	9.1	G	G	G	W	Y	D	BS	NA	NA	41	RDA 2008
110	Geomjeongsaeol	B	Keunol/Geumjeongol	2004	L	31.1	G	Bl	Y	P	Bl	D	CR	43.1	19.7	45	Baek et al. 2005
111	Cheongja3	B	Suwon174/Mokpo17	2004	L	32.1	S	Bl	G	P	Bl	D	CR	42	17.1	65	RDA 2008
112	Daemang2	B	Sinpaldal2/Seokryangput (Yusuzumit)	2005	M	25.3	S	LG	Y	W	G	D	S&T	NA	NA	NA	Yun et al. 2006
113	Wonhwang	B	Camp/Myeongjunamul	2005	S	10	G	Y	Y	P	LBr	D	BS	36.7	20.1	45	RDA 2008
114	Jangki	B	Eunha/MS91088	2005	S	11.9	G	Y	Y	P	LBr	D	BS	NA	NA	NA	Oh et al. 2006
115	Ilpumgeomjeong2	B	Milyang68/Suwon178	2005	M	25	G	Bl	Y	P	Bl	D	CR	41.9	19.8	49	RDA 2008
116	Mirang	B	Keunol/Geumjeongol	2005	M	25.4	G	Bl	Y	W	Bl	D	V&E	43.5	17.4	45	Baek et al. 2006
117	Danmi2	B	Seokryangput(Yusuzumit)/YS1274	2005	L	30.6	G	LG	Y	W	G	D	V&E	41.1	20	36	RDA 2008
118	Mansu	B	Suwon192/Suwon196	2006	M	26.5	G	LG	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	37.7	19.1	64	RDA 2008
119	Hoban	B	GWS91/Jinpum	2006	ML	29	S	Y	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	39	18.5	66	RDA 2008
120	Jonam	B	Eunha/Jeonju-11	2006	NA	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	NA	NA	BS	NA	NA	NA	Oh et al. 2007
121	Pungwon	B	SI93001/Suwon164	2006	S	10.9	NA	Y	Y	NA	NA	D	BS	40.3	16.3	45	RDA 2008
122	Heugmi	B	Milyang78/Milyang68	2006	M	24.8	G	Bl	G	P	NA	D	CR	45.2	17.2	55	RDA 2008
123	Socheong	B	Milyang78/Peking	2006	SM	15.7	PS	Bl	G	W	Bl	D	S&T	41.8	15.6	62	Baek et al. 2000
124	Nokwon	B	Keunol/Hyangnam1	2006	L	30.6	G	LG	Y	W	Br	D	V&E	39.4	17.3	34	Ko et al. 2008
125	Nampung	B	Suwon190/Bogwang	2007	SM	19.9	G	Y	Y	W	Br	D	S&T	36.8	17.4	58	Kim et al. 2010b
126	Daeyang	B	Suwon192/SS91414	2007	M	25.2	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	36.6	16.9	59	Kim et al. 2010a
127	Wongwang	B	Danyeob (Essex)/MS91001	2007	S	10.9	G	Y	Y	P	LBr	D	BS	37.3	17.1	60	Oh et al. 2009
128	Hoseo	B	Camp/Nattosan	2007	ES	7.4	G	Y	Y	P	LBr	D	BS	40.3	14.7	58	RDA 2008
129	Sinhwa	B	Sowon * 4/PI96983	2007	S	12.1	NA	Y	Y	NA	NA	D	BS	38.1	17.1	52	RDA 2008
130	Daeheug	B	Daehwang/Milyang79	2007	L	34.3	S	Bl	Y	P	Bl	D	CR	43.5	18.6	51	RDA 2008
131	Sangwon	B	Keunol/Oshimamidori	2007	NA	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	V&E	44	14.8	45	RDA 2011
132	Daewang	B	GWS91/Seokryangput (Yusuzumit)	2007	L	33.6	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	38.3	17.1	67	Choi et al. 2011
133	Gangil	B	Suwon191/Suwon196	2007	M	23.3	G	Y	Y	P	NA	D	S&T	38	19.1	59	KSVS
134	Cheonga	B	Sinpaldal2/SS91809	2007	M	25.2	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	37.6	18.6	62	Ha et al. 2013
135	Daeha 1	B	Suwon192/SS91414	2008	M	25.4	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	36	19.5	57	Baek et al. 2013a
136	Cheonsang	B	Suwon190/Hwangkeum	2008	M	24.8	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	39.2	20.3	76	Kim et al. 2012
137	Shingang	B	Sowon * 4/L29	2008	S	11	G	Y	Y	P	LBr	D	BS	36.6	18.4	60	RDA 2011
138	Sohwang	B	Pungsannamul/HS759	2008	ES	8.5	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	BS	41.6	16.2	55	RDA 2011
139	Galchae	B	YS1287/Jinju1	2008	ES	8.4	G	Br	Y	P	Br	D	BS	41.5	15.5	55	Oh et al. 2009b
140	Heugseong	B	Gnome 85/Cheongja	2008	ML	29.2	PS	Bl	Y	P	Bl	D	CR	38.7	18.5	54	Han et al. 2010
141	Jungmo3001	B	Jinju1/PI96188	2008	NA	NA	NA	Bl	Y	NA	NA	NA	BS	NA	NA	NA	KSVS
142	Jungmo3002	B	Tawon/Jinju1	2008	NA	NA	NA	Bl	Y	NA	NA	NA	CR	NA	NA	NA	KSVS
143	Hanol	B	SS91408/Hwaeomput (Kegon)	2009	M	26.4	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	43	16.3	39	RDA 2011
144	Sohyeon	B	Wonheug/Cheongyeob 1/Joyang 1	2009	ES	8.8	NA	Bl	Y	NA	NA	D	BS	NA	NA	NA	RDA 2010
145	Geomjeong5	B	Sinpaldal2/Geomjeong2	2009	M	23.2	G	Bl	Y	P	Bl	D	S&T	42	17.8	60	Han et al. 2013
146	Soheuk	B	Milyang78/Peking	2009	S	12.2	PS	Bl	G	W	Bl	D	S&T	38.8	18.9	56	RDA 2010
147	Cheongyeob	B	Ilpumgeomjeong/Daehwang	2009	L	35.8	G	Bl	Y	W	Bl	D	V&E	43.9	17.1	64	Han et al. 2012
148	Jungmo3003	B	Suwon191/Milyang83	2009	NA	NA	S	Y	Y	P	Br	D	S&T	NA	NA	NA	KSVS
149	Manpoong	B	Dongsan (Touzan) 121/Sprite87	2009	M	29.5	S	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	41.3	19.3	82	Yi et al. 2014
150	Uram	B	Suwon190//Sinpaldal2/T243	2010	M	25.8	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	37.5	21.4	79	RDA 2010
151	Saedanbaek	B	MD87L/SS92414	2010	M	20.7	G	Y	Y	W	LBr	D	S&T	48.2	16.4	64	RDA 2011
152	Hwangkeumol	B	SS92414/Hwaeomput (Kegon)	2010	M	28.6	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	40.8	18.7	45	RDA 2012
153	Sowon2010	B	Sowon * 4/L29	2010	S	11.7	G	Y	Y	P	LBr	D	BS	37.6	18.4	76	RDA 2010
154	Joyang	B	Pungsannamul/Suwon187	2010	S	11.6	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	BS	41.7	19.5	51	Kim et al. 2014
155	Jungmo3006	B	Hwangkeum * 4/V94-5152	2010	M	24.9	NA	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	S&T	NA	NA	95	GBIC
156	Jungmo3007	B	Taekwang * 4/V94-5152	2010	M	24.9	NA	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	S&T	NA	NA	85	GBIC
157	Jungmo3004	B	Iksan21/Milyang98	2010	L	NA	S	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	NA	NA	NA	KSVS
158	Jungmo3005	B	Cheongja/Geomjeong3	2010	L	NA	G	G	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	NA	NA	NA	KSVS
159	Wonheug	B	YS1286B/Jinju1	2010	ES	8.8	G	Bl	Y	P	Bl	D	BS	42.6	15	57	KSVS
160	Neulchan	B	SS91501-9-1-1/SS96205	2011	M	21.7	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	38.7	22.1	61	NICS
161	Chamol	B	Sinpaldal2/Keunol	2011	M	27.7	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	43.7	19.3	44	NICS
162	jungmo3008ho	B	Hwangkeum/SS01408	2012	L	36.5	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	42	18.2	70	NICS
163	jungmo3009ho	B	Milyang121/Daemang	2012	ML	29.3	G	Bl	G	W	NA	D	CR	40.4	17.1	86	NICS
164	Jinpung	B	Daepung/SS01211	2012	M	23	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	40.1	19.6	61	NICS
165	Haepum	B	Bosug/Suwon214	2012	S	10.4	G	Y	Y	W	LBr	D	BS	38.4	14.2	61	NICS
166	Saegeum	B	Daepung/SS98207-3SSD-168	2013	ML	25.4	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	38.8	17.3	79	NICS
167	Seonpung	B	Suwon224/YS1325-3S-2	2013	L	25.9	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	39.8	18	67	NICS
168	Jangol	B	SI993773 (Janghak5)/Suwon192	2013	SM	18.9	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	36.9	20.1	64	NICS
169	jungmo3010ho	B	SI993788/SI0001 (Ziong pin95-6173)	2013	SM	17.1	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	37.7	19.4	77	NICS
170	Jungmo3011ho	B	Cheongja3/Danpaheukdu (Tanba Kuro)	2013	EL	66.4	G	Bl	Y	P	Bl	D	CR	40.5	16.8	80	NICS
171	Cheongmiin	B	Cheongja/Daemang	2013	L	34.3	G	G	G	W	Bl	D	CR	41.3	16.5	67	NICS
172	Taeseon	B	Shingi/Taekwang	2013	M	22.2	G	Y	Y	P	Y	D	S&T	38	18.5	68	NICS
173	Daechan	B	Suwon224/YS1325	2014	L	24.5	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	39.5	16.8	68	KSVS
174	Daepung2	B	Daepung/SS98207	2014	M	20.9	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	39.3	19.7	54	NICS
175	Duruol	B	Hwaeomput (Kegon)/Suwon191	2014	L	27.7	G	Y	Y	W	LBr	D	S&T	40.5	18	59	NICS
176	Miso	B	Daemang/Jinpum 2	2014	L	28.2	G	Y	Y	W	Y	D	S&T	40.8	17.1	77	NICS
177	Socheongja	B	Suwon214/YCL4	2014	S	12	G	Bl	G	W	Bl	D	CR	43.3	16.1	89	NICS
178	Haewon	B	Bosug/Somyeong	2014	ES	8.1	G	Y	Y	P	LBr	D	BS	39.8	16.8	55	NICS

^z)L: Landrace, I: Introduced, B: Bred

^y)EL: Extra Large, L: large, ML: Medium to large, M: Medium, SM: Small to medium, S: Small, ES: Extra small, NA: Not available

^x)G: Globular, O: Oval, S: Spheroid, PS: Prolate Spheroid, NA: Not availabl

^w)Y: Yellow, Bl: Black, Br: Brown, G: Green, LY: Light yellow, LG: Light green, NA: Not available

^v)Y: Yellow, G: Green

^u)P: Purple, W: White, NA: Not available

^t)W: White, Y: Yellow, Br: Brown, G: Gray, T: Taupe, Bl: Black, DBr: Deep brown, LBr: Light brown, LY: Light Yellow, NA: Not available

^s)D: Determinate, ID: Indeterminate, SD: Semi-determinate, NA: Not available

^r)S&T: Soy sauce & Tofu, BS: Bean sprout, V&E: Vegetable & early maturity, CR: Cooking with rice

^*NA: Not available

Table 1 Summary of Korean soybean varieties according to their utilization.

Table 2 Summary of 178 Korean soybean varieties.
z)

L: Landrace, I: Introduced, B: Bred

EL: Extra Large, L: large, ML: Medium to large, M: Medium, SM: Small to medium, S: Small, ES: Extra small, NA: Not available

G: Globular, O: Oval, S: Spheroid, PS: Prolate Spheroid, NA: Not availabl

Y: Yellow, Bl: Black, Br: Brown, G: Green, LY: Light yellow, LG: Light green, NA: Not available

Y: Yellow, G: Green

P: Purple, W: White, NA: Not available

W: White, Y: Yellow, Br: Brown, G: Gray, T: Taupe, Bl: Black, DBr: Deep brown, LBr: Light brown, LY: Light Yellow, NA: Not available

D: Determinate, ID: Indeterminate, SD: Semi-determinate, NA: Not available

S&T: Soy sauce & Tofu, BS: Bean sprout, V&E: Vegetable & early maturity, CR: Cooking with rice

GBIC: RDA-Genebank Information Center, KSVS: Korea Seed & Variety Service, NICS: National Institute of Crop Science, RDA 2008: Bibliography of soybean varieties (in Korean), RDA 2010: 2010 Commentary of major field crops (in Korea), RDA 2011: 2011 Commentary of major field crops II (in Korea), RDA 2012: 2012 Commentary of field crops (in Korean)

NA: Not available

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Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]: Importance as A Crop and Pedigree Reconstruction of Korean Varieties

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