Mungbean is one of the prominent pulse crops in Indonesia since the mungbean seeds are highly nutritious and has become an important part of the diet for the community. The black-seeded mungbean highly nutritious as it contains high anthocyanin content. We have developed a black-seeded mungbean lines that need to be evaluated for drought tolerance. Drought tolerance is important as mungbean is usually cultivated during the drought-prone dry season that leads to total loss. This study aimed to (1) determine the effectiveness of drought tolerance indices to select drought tolerance in black-seeded mungbean, (2) reveal the drought indices most suitable to select drought-tolerant, high- yielding black-seeded mungbean lines. This study was conducted during dry season in the Field Laboratory of Universitas Nusa Cendana. A Split-Plot design was employed, consisting of irrigation frequencies as the main plot and mungbean genotype as the sub- plot treatments. The main plot consisted of three levels, i.e. irrigation every day (I1), every four days (I2), and every seven days (I3), and the subplot consisted of 23 mungbean genotypes. Seed yields under non-stress and stress conditions were used to calculate the drought indices. The data were subjected to ANOVA, PCA and correlation analysis. There were significant variations in seed yields among genotypes under different drought indices. The indices MP, GMP, STI, HARM, MRP, SSI, YSI, MSTIK1, and MSTIK2 are suitable for selection of drought-tolerant, high-yielding mungbean lines. V9.HT, V10.HT, V11.HT, V16.HT, V18.HT, V19.HT, V20.HT, V22.HT were potential for further evaluation as promising drought tolerant, high yielding varieties.
Milk thistle (
Soybean [
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The conventional soybean breeding program by single seed descent method required around 8 to 9 years to develop a cultivar. Through the advancement of breeding techniques, such as marker-assisted selection, required resources could be significantly saved, but the generation advancement step still slows down the entire soybean breeding program time course. In this study, 28 soybean varieties were tested to find the optimal speed breeding conditions for soybeans that could rapidly advance one generation with 2 light sources, 3 light conditions, and 2 planting densities. Plants were kept under short-day conditions (9 hours light/15 hours dark). We optimized the growth conditions for shortening the period of soybean generation progression based on speed breeding. The optimizing conditions are as follows. (1) Irradiation using LED light source for 9 hours, (2) 506 mmol/(m2∙s) of PPFD at 30 cm from the ground, (3) Planting density of 5 cm × 5 cm, (4) temperature of 25℃ ± 2℃ and (5) humidity of 50% ± 10%. If this condition is used, soybeans can be advanced by one generation within an average of 73 days. It is possible to advance five generations a year using only indoor speed-breeding system. Furthermore, if it includes the development of lines in the field, four generation per year, which is advance three generations using indoor speed-breeding system and one generation in the field, is allowed to increase soybean breeding speed with minimum input.
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Interspecific hybridization creates new genetic variants. Embryo formation and subsequently fertile seed development are the indicators of successful interspecific hybridization. Often interspecific hybridization is limited due to variations in genome and ploidy levels. The technique of embryo rescue is commonly used in interspecific hybridization to facilitate the survival of embryos from abortion. The effectiveness of an embryo rescue program in the
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Cold stress is one of the serious abiotic stresses for stable rice production especially in high-latitude temperate region and high-altitude tropical area. Improving cold tolerance at seedling stage led stable seedling growth with yield stability. In this study, QTLs for cold tolerance at seedling stage were identified using the 96 introgression lines (ILs) derived from an inter-specific cross between Hwaseong (
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The number of four-seeded pods is a plant trait that is of great interest in terms of increasing soybean production. The
objective
of this study was to understand the agronomic characteristics of four-seeded pods of FS1159, which contain a significantly higher ratio of four-seeded pods than do other genotypes. FS1159 showed a significantly lower ratio of one- and two-seeded pods and a significantly higher ratio of three- (39.6%) and four- (11.3%) seeded pods than did the four check soybeans. The average values of the traits of FS1159 in this study were: plant height, 58.1 cm; the number of nodes, 15.7; the number of branches, 6.5; and 100-seed weight, 20.3 g. These results indicate that FS1159 can be used as a new genetic resource to explore the traits of four-seeded-pod and improve the soybean yield.
Development of salt tolerance in rice through breeding program is mainly depends on the salinity responses of the potential rice germplasms. Coastal rice landraces of Bangladesh possess diverse morphological and physiological responses to salinity. Hence, our target is to identify candidate salt-tolerant coastal rice genotypes as a new source of salt tolerance (12 dS/m). Here, we annotated 20 Bangladeshi coastal
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Pumpkin (
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From an agricultural point of view, deep learning models can be used in a variety of way to study the agricultural properties of soybean. Object detection can be performed using image or video data on phenotypic traits of soybean. In this project, a study on the phenotype analysis about soybean seed was conducted by artificial intelligence (AI) based on the YOLOv5 model. In model summary, layers and parameters were calculated as 243 and 7020913, respectively. Means of average precision (mAP)@[0.5: 0.95] was recorded as 0.835, 0.739, 0.785 for each class, and Daewonkong (DW) with yellow seed coat color was calculated as the highest value, and landrace with black seed coat color (NG2) revealed the lowest value. As a result of prediction performance in the confusion matrix, each class of DW, NG2, and inbreeding line with green seed coat color (NGT) showed significant correlation of true positive (TP) in the matrix with the same output value for the input value.
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Peanut (
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Rice is a temperature-sensitive crop, its yield is severely affected by low temperature, especially cold stress at the seedling stage will delay heading. To understand the genetic basis of cold tolerance, we evaluated the cold tolerance at the seedling stage of 136 rice accessions. To evaluate cold tolerance, we treated rice seedlings with cold water irrigation for ten days and scored the cold tolerance on a 1-9 scale, based on their low-temperature response and subsequent recovery. The genome-wide association study for cold tolerance revealed seven QTLs on chromosomes 1, 3, 6, 7, 10, and 12. The genomic region of the
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In this study, in order to understand the differentiation process of
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Short duration oilseed
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Traditional rice landraces of coastal areas in Bangladesh are distinct in respect to their phenotypes, responses to salt stress and yield attributes. In characterization of coastal rice landraces, 46 rice genotypes were tested for salt tolerance at their seedling and reproductive growth stages. Through the cluster analysis following standard evaluation score (SES), genotypes were divided into five categories (highly susceptible, susceptible, moderately tolerant, tolerant and highly tolerant) at their seedling stage. Three coastal genotypes,
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Lipoxygenase-2 present in soybean seeds is the prime contributor to off-flavour generated during the processing of soy products. Genetic elimination of this undesirable component is important as the heat inactivation not only incurs extra cost but also affects the protein solubility. The present study was aimed at eliminating lipoxygenase-2 from cultivar ‘JS97-52’ through marker assisted introgression of null allele of
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Biochemical changes of
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During seed production of onion (
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The
objective
of this study was to detect QTLs for rice seedling traits under normal water (control) and low water conditions (drought stress). Ninety-eight recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from a cross between closely-related japonica cultivars, M-203 and M-206 were grown under both low water and normal water conditions. QTLs for morphological traits were investigated at seedling stage using 5,164 single nucleotide polymorphisms via genotyping-by-sequencing. Twenty-three QTLs were associated with four seedling traits: shoot length (SL), root length (RL), shoot dry weight (SW) and root dry weight (RW), were detected and most QTLs were clustered on chromosome 1, 6, 7 and 11. Under normal water conditions, nine QTLs for seedling traits were detected and M-203 alleles increased all the values. The locations of most QTLs were consistent with genes that regulate or respond to auxin and gibberellin. For drought tolerance, fourteen QTLs were detected including seven for drought stress conditions and seven for relative performance (values from drought stress conditions/normal water conditions). Seven QTLs from drought stress conditions coincided with the loci of previously identified drought tolerance genes. Based on the shoot and root length under drought stress conditions, five lines exhibiting the highest values in common were selected as a drought tolerance group. Those lines exhibited better growth than the parents under drought stress conditions and had QTLs alleles for drought tolerance detected in this study. QTL information and selected lines may be used for improving seedling vigor and drought tolerance of rice in breeding programs.
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Climate change has imposed greater challenge on cowpea production in the savannah ecology of West Africa sub-region in the recent time, however, development of varieties that combined resilience (stability) and precocity with high seed yield would be a sustainable approach to mitigate this problem. To this end, nine advanced breeding lines were evaluated along with two commercial varieties across three locations in guinea savannah ecology, using a randomized complete block design of three replications. Results obtained for seed yield and yield components indicate that the eleven cowpeas exhibited substantial variability for all plant traits studied and implications discussed. Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) analysis however revealed that the variations recorded were substantially attributable to genotypic component (70–80%) and less of environment (0.7–7.0%), a measure of phenotypic stability of these cowpea lines. However, seed yield and yield components vary significantly across the three locations, which further emphasize the important role of soil and climatic variables to cowpea production. In this study, two varieties (IT07K-299-6 and IT11K-61-82) consistently combined high seed yield (> 2 tons/ha) with precocity across the three locations, and could be multiplied for distribution to farmers as short-term intervention for yield increase. Reduced seed viability of these varieties reflects seed storage challenge in cowpea farming. In addition to significant contributions of some yield components to seed yield, there was evidence of strong association between precocity and high yield, and its implication for cowpea improvement discussed.
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Temperatures that extend beyond normal levels of tolerance cause severe stress to plants, especially during the reproductive and grain filling/ripening stages. Heat stress leads to serious yield losses in many crop plants, including rice (
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Seed starch content (SSC) is a decisive factor influencing soy food quality. Variation in SSC affects the composition of major components, oil, and protein in soybean seeds. Therefore, understanding G × E interaction of SSC is important to produce soybeans with stable SSC. In the present study, G × E interactions of 17 soybean genotypes having different SSC (0.24–1.48%) and correlation of SSC with crude protein (CP) and crude fat (CF) were investigated. The genotypes were evaluated for SSC and other traits at two planting dates across three locations over two years (2015 and 2016). The genotype × year, genotype × location, and genotype × year × location interactions were found to be significant (
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Cold stress is an emerging threat for rice production in Bangladesh particularly in Boro season (winter rice) at seedling stage. Cold stress during seedbed stage or early establishment stage at the main field induces severe seedling mortality that increases cost cultivation and delays crop establishment and ultimately entails into low yield. Development of sustainable cold tolerant high yielding rice varieties warrants an efficient and economic screening technique of germplasms and breeding population. The protocols for cold screening that so far have been used by the breeders and reported in literature are generally dependent on natural cool temperature and/or expensive climate chamber. In this paper, we report an in-house screening protocol that requires less than three weeks to complete the screening cycle and can be used all year round for mass screening of breeding population.
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An experiment was conducted to evaluate genetic variation among twenty-one fluted pumpkin genotypes for seedling traits. The seeds of the fluted pumpkin were germinated in nursery bags filled with saw dust at the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta and the Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria between July and August, 2013. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design with three replications. Characters evaluated were emergence percentage (E%), emergence index, emergence index rate, vine length (cm), leaf area (cm2), number of leaves, shoot dry weight (g), and seedling vigour index (SVI). Significant (
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Poor seed yield remains a great challenge for cowpea production in sub-Sahara Africa and continuous evaluation of available genetic resource to develop high and stable yielding varieties is the panacea to this regional food security conundrum. In this study, 21 cowpea breeding lines were evaluated for phenotypic analysis of seed yield components for two years in a randomized complete block design of 3 replications. All the yield components exhibited significant genotypic variation, while flowering, pod maturity and seed yield traits recorded significant variation for years and its interactions. These cowpeas, which are predominantly early-medium maturing biotypes, exhibited relative phenotypic stability for the yield components across years (seasons) except seed yield, being a final product of complex physiological process. Relationships between flowering/pod maturity and seed size were positive and significant. By contrast, pods/plant, seeds/plant and total seed yield recorded negative correlations with pod maturity. However, seeds/plant and pods/plant are the most contributory components to seed-yield with correlation coefficients of
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Low temperature stress at the seedling stage of rice is an important factor causing the leaf discoloration, wilting and consequently leads to non-uniform crop maturation. In order to screen the cold tolerance elite lines efficiently, the five cold treatment conditions with different water and air temperature were designed and treated at seedling stage. For the evaluation of seedling tolerance, the injury was scored by visual rate and measured by Soil and Plant Analyzer Development (SPAD) meter. In the reactions of varieties for each treatment, the treatment ‘B’ condition, 12ºC mean water with 24ºC mean air, shows clear discoloration, so it’s correlation coefficient was highest (r=−0.9,
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The increased severity and frequency of flooding is causing greater yield reductions in most rice-growing areas. To address this, popular cultivars were improved through introgression of
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Ascorbate peroxidases (APXs) are enzymes that detoxify peroxides such as hydrogen peroxide using ascorbate. They are distributed as isoenzymes in distinct cellular compartments, such as the cytosol, mitochondria and peroxisomes, where they play essential roles in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protecting cells against the toxic effects of these species in higher plants, algae, euglena and other organisms. APXs also respond to environmental stresses, such as salinity and drought, and rice ascorbate peroxidase 1 (OsAPx1) participates in salinity tolerance. However, it is still unclear how OsAPx1 is involved in growth and development before and after flowering. Here, we show that OsAPx1 plays an important function in seed development, including fertilization. Proteomic analysis and quantitative RT-PCR showed that protein and mRNA levels of OsAPx1 were much higher in immature seeds than in mature seeds. Plant height and grain size in an
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Drought is one of the most important abiotic factors affecting wheat production and development of tolerant genotypes is limited by the lack of effective selection criteria. A genetic analysis of drought tolerance indices at seedling stage (i.e. root length, shoot length, root/shoot ratio and seedling dry weight) was performed for a seven-parent half diallel cross of bread wheat (
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The purpose of this study was to produce doubled haploid red color heading type Chinese cabbage using isolated microspore culture. Genotypic differences in embryogenic response and regenerative ability of microspore-derived embryos to plants were observed. A high rate of plant regeneration from microspore-derived embryos was achieved by an improved protocol involving replacement of culture media and adjustment of heat shock temperature. More than 60% of regenerated plants were spontaneous doubled haploids. Haploids were characterized by short and malformed stamen and few viable pollen grains as compared to spontaneous doubled haploids and dihaploids. The seeds harvested from the 142 spontaneous doubled haploid plants were designated as H1; 25 seeds in each population was grown and characterized. The H1 generation has been shown to display considerable phenotypic variation and high purity. These spontaneous doubled haploids may be directly exploited as new varieties in a red colored Chinese cabbage breeding program.
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