Amylopectin branch-chain length distribution is a key determinant of rice starch functionality and eating quality, yet the genetic basis underlying specific chain fractions remains incompletely understood in diverse germplasm. In this study, amylopectin fine structure was quantified in 137 accessions of the Korean Rice Core Selection (KRICE_Core) using HPAEC-PAD, and genome-wide association studies were conducted with 2.1 million high-quality SNPs under the FarmCPU model. The short-chain distribution (SCD, DP 6-12) varied from 26.85% to 37.20%, whereas the intermediate-chain distribution (ICD, DP 12-24) ranged from 52.57% to 61.04%, and the two fractions showed a strong inverse correlation. GWAS identified two major loci on chromosomes 4 and 6, with the chromosome 6 region showing exceptionally strong association signals and co-localizing with Os06g0229800 (SSIIa). Haplotype analysis of SSIIa detected five non-synonymous SNPs defining five haplotypes. Hap1 and Hap5 were associated with increased SCD and reduced ICD, whereas indica-related haplotypes (Hap2-Hap4) showed the opposite trend, indicating that SSIIa allelic variation quantitatively shifts the balance between short and intermediate chain fractions. In a panel of 113 Korean-bred cultivars, Hap1 and Hap5 together accounted for > 99% of genotypes, suggesting strong directional selection for japonica-type SSIIa alleles during Korean breeding. These findings provide robust molecular targets for designing rice varieties with tailored starch architecture and cooking qualities.

Development of Provitamin A quality protein maize (PVA-QPM) conferring resistance to maize streak virus (MSV) would reduce the prevalence of the disease, alleviate malnutrition and increase food security in sub-Saharan Africa. This study was conducted to (i) evaluate early maturing PVA-QPM inbreds and their derived testcross hybrids for grain yield, MSV-resistant, carotenoids, and tryptophan contents, (ii) estimate the combining ability of the MSV-resistant PVA-QPM testcrosses for all traits. Five improved open-pollinated MSV resistance cultivars and five early maturing PVA-QPM inbreds were crossed in a half-diallel fashion without reciprocals. The derived forty-five F1 topcrosses, ten parental materials, and two commercial hybrids that served as controls were tested at the Lower Niger River Basin Development Authority in Oke-Oyi, Nigeria, during rain-fed of the year 2019 and 2020. The PVA-QPM inbreds from TZEIORQ 13, TZEIORQ 29, and TZEQI 82 that were crossed with MSV resistance AK-9528-DMRSR and Pop 28 SR appeared potentially useful combinations for enhancing grain yield, MSV-resistant, carotenoids, and tryptophan contents, Testcrossed TZEQI 82 × AK-9528-DMRSR POP 28 SR, TZEQI 82 × ACR. 91 SUWAN-1-SR C1 and TZEQI 82 × IK.91 TZL COMP 3-Y C1 were most outstanding for all measured grain yield and nutrient contents. Additive genetic effects were preponderant over non-additive genetic effects under artificial infection of MSV disease. These three promising MSV resistance PVA-QPM hybrids should be evaluated under on-farm multiplication trials for stability performance and adaptation to reduce malnourishment and food self-sufficiency in SSA. Also, further researches on genomic analyses of the superior testcrosses are desirable.

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• Breeding Insights Into Curvularia Leaf Spot Resistance and Agronomic‐Nutritional Resilience in Extra‐Early Provitamin A‐Quality Protein Maize (Zea mays L.) Testcrosses
  Bashir Omolaran Bello
  Plant Breeding.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Marker-Assisted Selection for Gray Leaf Spot Resistance in Extra-Early Provitamin A Quality Protein Maize Inbred Lines
  Bashir Omolaran Bello, Musa Shuaib, Alafe Hakeem Azeez, Suleiman Aliyu, Adeola Comfort Odutayo, Zainab Adeola Abidoye
  Plant Molecular Biology Reporter.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Multivariate modeling of nutritional and yield traits in extra‐early provitamin A quality protein maize
  Tajudeen Afimoh Olajide, Omolaran Bashir Bello, Michael Segun Afolabi, Sunday Ayodele Ige
  Agronomy Journal.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Transcriptional and nutritional responses of extra-early provitamin A quality protein maize under aflatoxin stress
  Omolaran Bashir Bello
  Euphytica.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Metabolite‐Mediated Nutritional and Agronomic Responses of Extra‐Early Biofortified Maize (Zea mays L.) to Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) Infestation
  O. B. Bello, M. S. Afolabi, S. A. Ige, M. Shuaibu, A. H. Azeez, S. Aliyu, A. C. Odutayo, A. A. Ahmed, Z. A. Abidoye, O. A. Fehintola
  Plant Breeding.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Breeding for resistance to maize streak virus: challenges, progress and future directions: a review
  Malven Mushayi, Hussein Shimelis, John Derera, Seltene Abady Tesfamariam
  Frontiers in Plant Science.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef

Watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum and Nakai] is one of the economically most important fruit crops of the Cucurbitaceae family. Among different watermelon traits, disease resistance and fruit quality are the important traits for growers and consumers. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers similar to those traits can potentially and cost-effectively distinguish the genetic variations among these traits. Consequently, we developed 33 SNP makers linked to different watermelon traits associated with fruit quality and disease resistance, and validated in the genetic resources of watermelon and F1 breeding lines using ‘Fluidigm SNP Genotyping’ assay. Most of the SNP markers distinguished the alleles into three different types such as reference allele, alternative allele and heterozygous from watermelon genotypes for various traits. The SNP markers ‘ZymFL-T81P’ (ZYMV- resistance), ‘FON1-U161’ and ‘FON1-S075’ (Fusarium wilt-resistance), ‘Pmr21-Cla831’ (PM-resistance), and ‘ClGBS-J168’ and ‘GBS-GC230’ (GSB-resistance) can successfully differentiate resistant (R), susceptible (S) and heterozygous watermelon genotypes. Similarly, the SNP marker associated with sugar content, citrulline content, arginine content, rind hardness, flesh firmness, fruit shape, rind strip pattern of watermelon fruit and seed coat colour can successfully distinguished the watermelon genetic resources and F1 breeding lines as reference allele (A) type, alternative allele (B) type and heterozygous (H). These SNP markers could be utilized for marker assisted selection as well as screening of a large number of watermelon germplasm for fruit quality and disease resistance. However, further validation like artificial inoculation of pathogens for the traits related to disease resistance is required in watermelon crops.

Gelatinization temperature (GT) is an important component of eating and cooking quality (ECQ) of rice. While direct measurement of GT is cumbersome, the alkali spreading value (ASV) test is a robust method commonly used to rapidly identify different GT types. In this study, we employed a modified ASV assay to screen a population of chemically-induced rice (cv. Kitaake) mutants (n = 405). Two mutant families, KDS-1623B and KDS-1824B, with significantly lower ASV (higher GT type) than wild type Kitaake (low GT type) were isolated. A nonsynonymous homozygous mutation in the isoamylase-type starch debranching enzyme gene ISA1 was identified in KDS-1623B. The mutation (G2709T) is predicted to change a valine at position 354 to a leucine in the α-amylase catalytic domain of ISA1. This result is consistent with the shrunken endosperm exhibited by KDS-1623B grains and the replacement of starch with phytoglycogen in isa1 (sugary-1) mutants. The altered ASV trait in KDS-1824B appears to be controlled by a single recessive mutation; however, the causal genetic lesion remains to be determined. These mutants will be useful resources for elucidating the complex nature of starch metabolism and its influence on ECQ of rice.

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• Identification of a novel mutant allele of the LIKE EARLY STARVATION 1 gene in rice (Oryza sativa L.) using QTL-seq
  Kyu-Chan Shim, HyunJung Kim, Mi-Ra Yoon, Sung-Ho Na, Sa-Eun Park, Sang-Nag Ahn, Thomas H Tai, J Holland
  G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Efficient identification of palatability-related genes using QTL mapping in rice breeding
  Yoon-Hee Jang, Jae-Ryoung Park, Eun-Gyeong Kim, Rahmatullah Jan, Saleem Asif, Muhammad Farooq, Dan-Dan Zhao, Kyung-Min Kim
  Molecular Breeding.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef

During seed production of onion (Allium cepa L.) and Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.) cultivars, seeds are inadvertently cross-contaminated with each other. However, it is difficult to identify cross-contaminated seeds by visual examination since seed and seedling morphologies of onion and Welsh onion are almost identical. To develop molecular markers for distinguishing onion and Welsh onion at early seedling stages, polymorphic mitochondrial genome sequences between two species were isolated. Using complete mitochondrial genome sequences of onions as references, genome walking was performed to isolate polymorphic Welsh onion sequences. Unlike conserved 3′ sequences flanking the atp9 gene, the 5′ flanking sequences were completely different between onion and Welsh onion mitochondrial genomes. A simple PCR marker was developed on the basis of polymorphic 5′ flanking regions of atp9, and a high resolution melting (HRM) marker was developed based on one of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 3′ flanking regions. A total of 41 onion and 19 Welsh onion cultivars were analyzed using these two molecular markers. Results showed that the onion-specific marker genotype was detected only in onion cultivars, and vice versa. To estimate distribution of onion-specific and Welsh onion-specific organizations of atp9 among Allium species, 14 Allium species related to onion and Welsh onion were analyzed. Results showed that specific organizations were conserved among closely related species of onion and Welsh onion, respectively, implying that there might be no intraspecific variation in the atp9 organizations.

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• The complex and dynamic mitochondrial genome of garlic (Allium sativum): Insights from structural and evolutionary analysis
  Hui Shen, Wen Liu, Lilian Zhao, Yanfang Guo, Yuanheng Li, Ting Wu, Shu Han
  Genomics.2026; 118(2): 111214.     CrossRef
• Allelic variability and transferability of atp6 gene among Allium species
  Talamarla Yeswanth Mahidar Gowd, Chandra Deo, Dalasanuru Chandregowda Manjunathagowda, Vijay Mahajan, Nangsol Dolma Bhutia, Barun Singh
  Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution.2023; 70(1): 281.     CrossRef
• Mitochondrial relationships between various chamomile accessions
  Joana Ruzicka, Marion Hacek, Johannes Novak
  Journal of Applied Genetics.2021; 62(1): 73.     CrossRef

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivar ‘Chookdu 1’ (registration number: No. 7159) and ‘Chookdu 2’ (registration number: No. 6758) were developed as forage soybean cultivars at Kyungpook National University, Republic of Korea. They were grown in tests over three years and compared with a commercial seed cultivar for seed yield and forage productivity planted in the same row in mixed plantings with corn. Chookdu 1 and Chookdu 2 are tall, indeterminate growth habit selections from a cross between wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. & Zucc.), ‘PI 483463’, and cultivated soybean, ‘Hutcheson’ (PI 518664). The plant height of Chookdu 1 and Chookdu 2 were 80.9 cm and 81.4 cm, respectively, compared to 54.7 cm for the ‘Pungsannamul’ commercial seed check. The three-year seed yield of Chookdu 1 and Chookdu 2 was 2.0 and 2.2 t/ha, respectively, and not significantly different from Pungsannamul at 2.4 t/ha. Of the two cultivars Chookdu 2 averaged the most total forage fresh weight (65.0 t/ha). The three year mean forage yield of mixed-planting of corn and Chookdu 2 and Chookdu 1 was 10.4% and 3.8% greater, respectively, than corn monoculture. Results show Chookdu 1 and Chookdu 2 are suitable soybean cultivars for mixed planting in the same row with corn to improve forage yield. They should be useful as parents to use in breeding to develop forage-type soybeans of high quality and yield for use in livestock feed.

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• Forage yield, nutritional value, soil chemical composition, and soil microbial abundance under maize–legume intercropping systems in a paddy field
  Yowook Song, Sang-Hoon Lee, Jae Hoon Woo, Ki-Won Lee
  Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology.2023; 26(3): 285.     CrossRef
• Chemical Composition of Soybean Harvested in Different Stages of Maturity and Its Suitability for Forage Production
  Vita Sterna, Imants Jansons, Inga Jansone, Margita Damskalne
  Rural Sustainability Research.2023; 50(345): 67.     CrossRef
• Comparison of Yield and Yield Components of Several Crops Grown under Agro-Photovoltaic System in Korea
  Hyun Jo, Sovetgul Asekova, Mohammad Amin Bayat, Liakat Ali, Jong Tae Song, Yu-Shin Ha, Dong-Hyuck Hong, Jeong-Dong Lee
  Agriculture.2022; 12(5): 619.     CrossRef

We performed a molecular marker-based analysis of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for the traits that determine appearance quality of the grains using 120 double haploid (DH) lines developed by anther culture from F₁ hybrid of a cross between Cheongcheong (Oryza sativa L. ssp. Indica) and Nagdong (Oryza sativa L. ssp. Japonica). The traits studied included grain length, grain width, grain thickness, length to width ration and thousand grain weight. This experiment was conducted with two replications of 2013 and 2014. A linkage map with 217 DNA markers was constructed spanning across 2,067.1 centiMorgans (cM) at an average interval of 9.5 cM between markers and covering 12 rice chromosomes. Interval mapping procedure was used to identify the QTLs controlling five grain traits and QTLs detected were further confirmed using composite interval mapping. A total of 24 QTLs affecting grain appearances were identified and mapped on all the twelve chromosomes for 2 years at grain quality. Nine of the 24 QTLs were reproducibly detected in two year trials. Major QTL for grain length was detected on chromosome 5 in 2013 with a phenotypic variation of 64% and chromosome 7 in 2014 that explained 55% of the phenotypic variation. The QTL findings in this study will in future faciltate the gene isolation and breeding application for improvement of rice grain shape and yield.

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• Fine mapping of interspecific secondary CSSL populations revealed key regulators for grain weight at qTGW3.1 locus from Oryza nivara
  Malathi Surapaneni, Divya Balakrishnan, Krishnamraju Addanki, Venkateswara Rao Yadavalli, Arun Prem Kumar, P. Prashanthi, R. M. Sundaram, Sarla Neelamraju
  Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants.2024; 30(7): 1145.     CrossRef
• Combined Linkage Mapping and Genome-Wide Association Study Identified QTLs Associated with Grain Shape and Weight in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
  Ju-Won Kang, Nkulu Rolly Kabange, Zarchi Phyo, So-Yeon Park, So-Myeong Lee, Ji-Yun Lee, Dongjin Shin, Jun Hyeon Cho, Dong-Soo Park, Jong-Min Ko, Jong-Hee Lee
  Agronomy.2020; 10(10): 1532.     CrossRef

Studies were initiated for two consecutive years to examine the effects of transplanting date on the yield and quality of early maturing rice cultivars and to select rice cultivars capable of adapting to early transplanting in the middle plain area. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with 3 replications. The main plots consisted of two transplanting dates viz. early (25th of April) and ordinary (25th of May), with sub-plots containing eight cultivars. For early transplanting the mean temperature at the grain filling stage was lower than for ordinary transplanting, while the rice grain quality traits and palatability values were improved. Early transplanting results in 11 days earlier heading, higher head rice yield and lower milled rice yield than ordinary transplanting. Significant differences among the eight cultivars tested in this study were observed for most traits. Among cultivars, ‘Joami’ demonstrated the highest palatability. ‘Joami’ also performed better in head rice ratio and head rice yield than ‘Unkwang’, which is widely cultivated in the middle plain area. Palatability value (PV) showed significant positive correlations with head rice ratio (HR) and amylose content (AC), and negative correlations with chalky rice ratio (CR) and protein content (PC). Mean temperature (MT) was positively correlated with CR and PC, and negatively correlated with HR and AC. The highest positive and negative correlations among the rice quality traits were observed between HR and AC (r = 0.734), and HR and CR (r = −0.944), respectively. Based on the research findings, ‘Joami’ is suitable for early transplanting for cultivation in the Chungnam plain area.

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• Effect of Nitrogen Application Methods on Yield and Grain Quality of an Extremely Early Maturing Rice Variety
  Yeotae Yun, Gyucheol Kim, Giwon Cho, Youngju Lee, Tugsang Yun, Hakhun Kim
  Agriculture.2023; 13(4): 832.     CrossRef
• Effect of Transplanting Date on Agronomic and Grain Quality Traits Using Early-Maturing Rice Varieties
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  Agronomy.2023; 13(5): 1195.     CrossRef
• “Yeoreumi,” an Early Maturing Rice Cultivar Adaptable for Early-Transplanting Cultivation in the Chungnam Plain Area
  Yeotae Yun, Gyucheol Kim, Giwon Cho, Chongtae Chung, Tugsang Yun
  Korean Journal of Breeding Science.2022; 54(4): 405.     CrossRef
• ‘Bbareumi’, an Extremely Early-Maturing Rice Cultivar Adaptable for Early Transplanting, in the Chungnam Plain Area
  Yeotae Yun, Chongtae Chung, Gyucheol Kim, Tugsang Yun
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• Changes in Growth and Quality Traits According to Transplanting Dates using ‘Bbareumi’, an Extremely Early Maturing Rice Cultivar, in the Chungnam Plain Area
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  Korean Journal of Breeding Science.2022; 54(4): 305.     CrossRef
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  S.H. Payman, A. Bakhshipour, H. Zareiforoush
  Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods.2018; 10(1): 103.     CrossRef

A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from the cross between Ilpumbyeo (a Japonica of high eating quality) and Moroberekan (a tropical Japonica type of low eating quality) was used for mapping QTLs associated with grain physicochemical properties and eating quality traits in rice. A total of 182 recombinant inbred lines were evaluated for two physicochemical traits, alkali digestive value and amylose content, and five traits associated with eating quality including glossiness of cooked rice determined by Toyo-taste meter, and glossiness, stickiness, hardness and overall evaluation for taste evaluation by panels. A total of 30 QTLs associated with seven traits in 10 loci on chromosomes 1, 3, 5, 6, 10, and 12 were identified. The most critical regions for eating quality were on chromosomes 3, 5 and 6 by Ilpumbyeo alleles, whereas Moroberekan contributed a total of 6 loci on chromosomes 1, 10 and 12. The QTL region on chromosome 5 contains the novel alleles for eating quality from Ilpumbyeo. MAS using DNA markers tightly linked with those QTLs will be useful for breeding Japonica cultivars with high eating quality.

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Soybeans have a long history as a nutritious hay and silage crop. Early research extensively investigated forage yield, adaptability to various maturity zones, and nutritional values. Evaluation and breeding with diverse soybean accessions continued to optimize soybean forage yield and quality. There is still interest by breeders in developing more desirable forage soybeans, depending on market demand, and the existing interests of crop and livestock producers. In this review, we provide an update compiled from recent publications on the use and development of soybean as a forage crop.

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• Crossing latitude introduction delayed flowering and facilitated dry matter accumulation of soybean as a forage crop
  Dong An, Xingfa Lai, Tianfu Han, Jean Marie Vianney Nsigayehe, Guixin Li, Yuying Shen
  Journal of Integrative Agriculture.2025; 24(4): 1436.     CrossRef
• Intercropping of Soybean and Common Millet—A Rational Way of Forage Biomass Quality Enhancement
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• Comparative Analysis of Compositional Equivalence in Drought-Tolerant Genetically Modified Soybeans
  Ha-Jung Kang, Hyoun-Min Park, Sung-Dug Oh, Ye-Jin Jang, Jong-Chan Park, Seon-Woo Oh, Sang-Gu Lee, Soo-Yun Park, An-Cheol Chang
  Korean Journal of Breeding Science.2025; 57(4): 445.     CrossRef
• Seed quality under elevated CO2 differs in soybean cultivars with contrasting yield responses
  Anthony Digrado, Christopher M. Montes, Ivan Baxter, Elizabeth A. Ainsworth
  Global Change Biology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Contribution of Photosynthetic, Root and Phenotypic Traits to Soybean Plant Height
  Rongzhen Suo, Mingjiu Wang, Tianqi Zhao
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• Effect of Growth Stage on Nutrition, Fermentation Quality, and Microbial Community of Semidry Silage from Forage Soybean
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• Effects of Harvesting Stages and Additives on the Chemical Composition, Fermentation Quality and Relative Feed Value of Soybean Silages Varieties
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• Chemical Composition of Soybean Harvested in Different Stages of Maturity and Its Suitability for Forage Production
  Vita Sterna, Imants Jansons, Inga Jansone, Margita Damskalne
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• Utilization of Thinned Sunflower and Soybean Intercrops as Forage: A Useful Strategy for Small Scale Farms in Intensive Agricultural Systems
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• Agronomic Traits and Forage Production in a Mixed-Planting with Corn for Forage Soybean Cultivars, Chookdu 1 and Chookdu 2
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• Novel Quantitative Trait Loci for Forage Quality Traits in a Cross between PI 483463 and ‘Hutcheson’ in Soybean
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An increasing preference for good eating quality of rice among consumers has become one of the important considerations in rice breeding. Amylose content is a leading factor affecting eating quality of rice. Amylose composition is determined by the relative activity of soluble starch synthase (SSS) and granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS). This study focused on modifying the expression of SSSI gene which is responsible for amylopectin and amylose synthesis in rice by using RNA interference (RNAi) technology. The transgenic rice plants showed various amylose contents (11–17%) in rice grains. Favorable rice lines were selected according to genomic PCR, transgene expression and amylose contents analysis. A semi-quantitative RT-PCR was carried out to determine the expression level of SSSI gene after flowering of transgenic rice and wild type. Down-regulation of SSSI gene in transgenic plants was evident in the decreasing expression in rice grains. Accordingly, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed uniform size with smooth curves starch granules in down-regulation rice lines, in contrast with the non-uniform granules in wild type. Results indicated that RNAi-SSSI transgenic lines produced low amylose contents that fell between glutinous and non-glutinous rice. This study showed that down-regulation of endogenous SSSI may improve the eating quality in rice.

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