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Research Article

QTL Detection Associated with Eating Quality Based on Palatability Test in Japonica Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Young-Chan Cho1,*, Man-Ki Baek1, Jung-Pil Suh1, Yong-Jae Won1, Jeong-Heui Lee1, Jeong-Ju Kim1, Hyun-Su Park1, Woo-Jae Kim1, Soon-Wook Kwon2, Yong-Gu Cho3, Bo-Kyeong Kim1, Jeom-Ho Lee1
Plant Breeding and Biotechnology 2014;2(4):342-353.
Published online: December 31, 2014

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*Corresponding author: Young-Chan Cho, yccho@korea.kr, Tel: +82-63-840-2160, Fax: +82-+82-63-840-2119
• Received: November 13, 2014   • Revised: November 26, 2014   • Accepted: November 27, 2014

Copyright © 2014 The Korean Society of Breeding Science

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  • A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from the cross between Ilpumbyeo (a Japonica of high eating quality) and Moroberekan (a tropical Japonica type of low eating quality) was used for mapping QTLs associated with grain physicochemical properties and eating quality traits in rice. A total of 182 recombinant inbred lines were evaluated for two physicochemical traits, alkali digestive value and amylose content, and five traits associated with eating quality including glossiness of cooked rice determined by Toyo-taste meter, and glossiness, stickiness, hardness and overall evaluation for taste evaluation by panels. A total of 30 QTLs associated with seven traits in 10 loci on chromosomes 1, 3, 5, 6, 10, and 12 were identified. The most critical regions for eating quality were on chromosomes 3, 5 and 6 by Ilpumbyeo alleles, whereas Moroberekan contributed a total of 6 loci on chromosomes 1, 10 and 12. The QTL region on chromosome 5 contains the novel alleles for eating quality from Ilpumbyeo. MAS using DNA markers tightly linked with those QTLs will be useful for breeding Japonica cultivars with high eating quality.
  • Key words: Rice, Japonica, Eating quality, Palatability test, QTL
High eating quality is the most important objective in Japonica rice breeding program in Korea. The Korean rice market would internationally be opening under the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) in 2015. To enhance marketable competitiveness of Korean Japonica rice for export eating quality and grain appearance need to be improved. The Japonica rice breeding program has improved over the past several decades for yield, resistance from biotic stresses and grain quality. However, more improvements in eating quality are needed to meet the demand of consumers. Eating quality has usually been evaluated using sensory tests of cooked rice (Matsue 1992; Yamamoto et al. 1996) in which appearance (glossiness), taste, stickiness, and hardness are tested and scored to provide an overall grade of eating quality. However, a sensory test requires several hundred grams of polished rice and considerable labor to polish, cook, and evaluate each of many samples that can be derived in the F3- to F5-generation breeding materials. Also, the sensory test requires a panel of well-trained specialists. The efficient selection of cultivars with high eating quality is difficult in early generations because the eating quality of rice is under complex genetic control (Yamamoto and Ogawa 1992).
Recently, several studies have been carried out to identify QTLs related to eating quality of cooked rice. Five stable QTLs and 21 additional QTLs associated with eating quality were previously identified by using chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) derived from a cross of Asominori (Japonica) and IR24 (Indica) (Wan et al. 2004), and by using backcross inbred lines (BILs) derived from a cross of Koshihikari/Kasalath (Indica)//Koshihikari and CSSLs (Ebitani et al. 2005). A few studies have also identified QTLs for eating quality in doubled haploid (DH) lines or RILs derived from crosses between different Japonica strains (Kobayashi and Tomita 2008; Kwon et al. 2011; Takeuchi et al. 2008; Tanaka et al. 2006; Wada et al. 2008). DNA markers closely linked to these QTLs have made it possible to more efficiently develop rice cultivars with a higher eating quality (Lestari et al. 2009). In Korea, Kwon et al. (2011) analyzed QTLs related to eating quality using RIL population of a cross between Chucheongbyeo (Akibare, a Japanese japonica variety), a leading variety for 40 years as Japonica high quality and Suweon 365, a Japonica low eating quality. Twenty-one QTLs were identified on chromosomes 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 11 and QTLs on chromosomes 6, 7, and 8 were detected for three traits, the glossiness of cooked rice (GCR) using a Toyo-taste meter, the stickiness (ST) and overall evaluation (OE) of cooked rice using a sensory test related to eating quality. Twenty-eight QTLs were identified on chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 for ADV, AC, GCR, and six paste viscosity properties, peak viscosity (PV), hot-paste viscosity (HPV), cool-paste viscosity (CPV), breakdown (BD), setback (SB), and consistency viscosity (CSV) in RIL population from a cross between Ilpumbyeo and Moroberekan (Cho et al. 2013).
In this study presented, a recombinant inbred lines (RILs) population derived from a cross between temperate Japonica and tropical Japonica and its genetic linkage map (Cho et al. 2013) were employed to locate the QTL locus underlying seven characteristics associated with eating quality for physicochemical properties and sensory test by panel.
Plant materials
A RIL population which consisted of 182 lines derived from F11–12 generation of Ilpumbyeo x Moroberekan by single seed descent method was used in this study (Cho et al. 2013). Ilpumbyeo developed from a cross between Suweon 295-sv3 and Inabawase (RDA 1990) is a temperate Japonica rice cultivar of high eating quality and susceptible to blast. Moroberekan is a tropical Japonica of low eating quality and is resistant to blast from West Africa (Wang et al. 1994). This RIL population was used to construct a saturated genetic linkage map by SSR markers and to evaluate traits related to eating quality.
Cultivation and harvesting of seeds
One hundred and eighty-two RILs and two parents were grown in an experimental plot at NICS, Suwon for two years, 2010 and 2011. The planting density was 22.22 m−2 (15 cm x 30 cm) and N-P2O5-K2O fertilizers were applied at the level of 90–45–57 kg/ha in each year. Parental cultivars were planted with three replications by one replication planting to every 78 RILs. Fifty-six plants for two lines were raised and 46 per RIL line were harvested at 50 days after heading. All seeds were threshed, and air- dried in a shaded greenhouse. Fully matured grains were used for evaluation of physicochemical properties and traits for eating quality.
Evaluation of physicochemical properties for grain quality
Alkali digestion values (ADV) were determined visually using the scale (1–7) of spreading method described in Little et al. (1958) and by the clearing of milled rice kernel soaked in 1.4% KOH solution for 23 hours at a constant temperature of 30°C. The amylose content (AC) was determined by the relative absorbency of a starch-iodine blue color in a digested solution of 100-mesh rice flour. For these measurements, Rapid Flow Autoanalyzer was used following the method in Juliano (1971). The protein content (PC) was measured using the Micro-Kjeldahl method (FOSS: 2300 Kjeltec Analyzer, Sweden). The glossiness of cooked rice (GCR) was determined with two replications using the Toyo-taste meter (model: MA-90A and 90B) in accordance with the operation manual (TRCM Co., Japan).
Sensory test for rice eating quality
Rice grains were polished and cooked, as described in the manual ‘A guide to rice breeding’(Choi, 2006). The grains were polished to a yield of appropriately 90% using a rice miller. The polished rice was transferred to insert bowls and washed five times with water. After washing, the rice was soaked in water for 30 min and then cooked in the rice cooker at a 1.3 (w/w) ratio of water to polished rice. The cooked rice for each line was evaluated by a panel of five judges who can distinguish differences in glossiness (GL), stickiness (ST), hardness (HA) and overall evaluation (OE) in evaluating palatability of cooked rice. The age of five judges ranged from 34 to 63 years old. The seven scores −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, and +3 were designed corresponding to worst, worse, bad, the same, good, better, and best, for each property in comparison with the control variety, Chucheongbyeo. The average scores for taste and palatability were used for the QTL analysis.
QTL analysis associated with the traits for eating quality
A saturated genetic linkage map by SSR markers for a RIL population consisting of 182 lines was constructed by Cho et al. (2013). The data of this map was used to analyze QTLs for seven characteristics of two physicochemical properties, GCR, and four palatability traits. The average scores of GL, ST, SF and OE which were evaluated from five panels were used for QTL analysis. The chromosomal locations of the QTLs were determined by single-point analysis (SPA) and composite interval mapping (CIM). Primary analysis using SPA was performed using the QGene program (Nelson 1997). In SPA, a QTL was identified if the phenotype was associated with a marker locus at P<0.001 or with two adjacent marker loci at P<0.05. To identify additional QTLs and to increase the resolution of QTL locations, CIM was performed using QTL Cartographer 2.0 (Basten et al. 1997). Significance thresholds for CIM were determined using 1,000 permutations for each trait. For CIM, the experiment-wise significance level of P<0.01 corresponded to an average LOD>3.80, whereas the level P<0.05 corresponded to a LOD>2.52. The QTLs reported in this study were detected using both methods. The proportions of observed phenotypic variations attribute to a particular QTL were estimated using the coefficient of determination (R2). The total phenotypic variance explained was estimated by simultaneously fitting to a model including all putative QTLs for the respective trait.
Phenotypic variation
The frequency distributions of phenotypic variations for ADV, AC, GCR, and four traits of palatability for two years are shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. ADV, AC and GCR showed continuous variation with transgressive segregations for two years. However, ADV and AC showed bimodal distributions on the axis of two parents Ilpumbyeo and Moroberekan, but GCR showed normal distributions (Fig. 1). In the sensory analysis, the scores of the parental cultivars Ilpumbyeo and Moroberekan were 1.9 and −2.1 in GL, 1.7 and −2.4 in ST, 2.3 and −1.8 in HA, and 2.1 and −2.3 in OE. For the RILs, the continuous variations were observed for four traits of palatability, however, the frequency distributions of these traits showed somewhat bimodal variation by less distribution of the score 0 (Fig. 2).
Correlation coefficients among the ADV, AC, GCR, GL, ST, HA and OE are shown in Table 1. The AC was not correlated with ADV and GCR for two years. The ADV has a highly positive correlation with five traits, GCR, GL, ST, HA and OE, but AC was highly negative correlated with four traits, GCR, ST, HA and OE except for GL in 2011. The correlation coefficients among four traits, GL, ST, HA and OE evaluated by panel were over 0.752. The correlation coefficients among three traits, ST, HA and OE were over 0.967. The GCR that estimated using Toyo-tastemeter showed the correlation coefficients over 0.469 with the traits of sensory evaluation.
Detection of QTLs for physicochemical properties and GCR
A total of seven QTL loci for two physicochemical properties, ADV and AC on chromosomes 1, 3, 6 and 10, and seven QTLs for glossiness of cooked rice (GCR) for two years were detected (Table 2 and Fig. 3).
For alkali digestive value (ADV), four QTLs were identified on chromosomes 1, 6 and 10. Two QTLs, qADV6.1 and qADV6.1 were identified in the region of RM587- RM3370 and RM1161 and RM3498 on chromosome 6. A QTL qADV6.1 explained 32.1% and 36.6% of the total phenotypic variation and increased the ADV to 2.43 and 2.67 in both years, respectively by each Ilpumbyeo allele. Another QTL, qADV6.2, explained 11.7% and 13.6% of the total phenotypic variation and increased ADV value to 1.80 and 2.05 in both years, by two Ilpumbyeo alleles. Two QTLs, qADV1 and qADV10 were identified at RM3602- RM529 on chromosome 1 in 2011 and at RM467-RM1375 on chromosome 10 in both years. These QTLs explained the 9.9%, 10.6% and 8.8% of the total phenotypic variation by Moroberekan allele. Three QTLs for amylose content (AC) were identified on chromosomes 3, 6, and 10. Two QTLs, qAC3 and qAC6 on chromosomes 1 and 6 explained 11.8% and 8.5%, and 47.3% and 44.8% of the total phenotypic variation. These QTL loci caused a drop in AC content by 2.8% and 2.1%, and 5.1% and 4.9% from Ilpumbyeo allele, respectively. A QTL, qAC10 on chromosome 10 was identified at RM484-RM333 that decreased the AC level by 2.6% and 2.1% from Moroberekan allele and explained 9.9% and 8.7% of the total phenotypic variation in 2010 and 2011, respectively.
For glossiness of cooked rice (GCR) estimated by Toyo-taste meter, six QTLs were identified on chromosomes 3, 6, 10 and 12 (Table 2). A QTL qGCR3 on chromosome 3 increased GCR by 3.9 and 4.7 by Ilpumbyeo allele, and it explained 7.5% and 9.5% of total phenotypic variation in both years. Of the two QTLs on chromosomes 6, qGCR6.1 in the region of RM589-RM217 and qGCR6.2 in the region of RM1161-RM3498 explained 18.0~28.3% and 8.7~16.2% of the total phenotypic variation in two years, respectively. These QTL loci increased GCR by 5.9~10.3 and 6.3~9.3 from Ilpumbyeo allele in 2010 and 2011, respectively. A QTL, qGCR10 in the region of RM467- RM1375 on chromosome 10 explained 5.4% and 6.9% of the total phenotypic variation in both years. Two QTL loci, qGCR12.1 at RM8215-RM1302 and qGCR12.2 at RM270- RM1300 on chromosome 12 explained 5.9~7.8% and 6.1~9.8% of the total phenotypic variation in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Three QTL loci on chromosomes 10 and 12 increased GCR by 4.3~6.4 from Moroberekan alleles.
Detection of QTLs for the traits associated with eating quality
The putative QTLs for GL, ST, SF and OE were analyzed using the average scores evaluated from five panels. Although the QTLs for ST and HA from each panel has different LOD scores, they were detected In the same chromosome region (Fig. 4). A total of 17 QTLs were identified for four eating quality traits, GL, ST, HA and OE on chromosomes 1, 3, 5, 6 and 10 (Table 3; Fig. 3). Four putative QTL loci for GL, ST, HA and OE were detected in the same region on chromosomes 3, 5 and 6, respectively. A QTL locus in the terminal region of the short arm on chromosome 3 explained 15.7% for GL, 12.1% for ST, 10.9% for HA, and 12.7% for OE. A QTL locus in the region of RM5558-RM5642 on chromosome 5 explained 7.3~9% of the total phenotypic variation for four eating quality traits. Another QTL locus at RM587-RM3370 on chromosome 6 explained 34.3~38.5% of the total phenotypic variation as the major QTL for ST, HA and OE except for GL explaining 8.4%. These results showed that the Ilpumbyeo allele at all the QTLs for GL, ST, HA and OE on chromosomes 3, 5 and 6 increased the scores for eating quality traits. However, three QTL loci on chromosomes 1 and 10 were detected from Moroberekan alleles. Two putative QTLs, qGL1.1 at RM1201-RM259 and qGL1.2 at RM529 on chromosome 1, were detected for GL. These QTLs explained 7.2% and 6.1% for GL of the total phenotypic variation, and increased put a space 0.66 by Moroberekan allele. Another QTL locus in the region of RM484-RM333 was detected for ST, SF and OE. This QTL explained 9.4% for ST, 6.9% for HA and 7.9% for OE of the total phenotypic variation, and the scores for ST, HA and OE increased 0.73 to 0.92 by Moroberekan allele.
Ilpumbyeo was the leading rice cultivar back in 1990s because of its high eating quality and it was also widely used in Japonica rice breeding programs in Korea. We tried to investigate the genetic factors controlling its eating quality for developing new Japonica rice cultivar of high eating quality. The RIL population from a cross between Ilpumbyeo and Moroberekan (hereafter, IM RIL population) has been successfully developed and a linkage map was constructed using DNA markers (Cho et al. 2013). The IM RIL population and linkage map were used to detect QTLs related to eating quality of cooked rice. A number of studies have focused on genetic regions linked to eating quality of rice using DH, RIL, BIL and CSSL populations from the crosses between Japonica rices (Kobayashi and Tomita 2008; Kwon et al. 2011; Takeuchi et al. 2008; Tanaka et al. 2006 Wada et al. 2008) and from the crosses between Japonica and Indica (Bao et al. 2000, 2002; He et al. 2006; Li et al. 2003; Li et al. 2011; Takeuchi et al. 2007; Tian et al. 2005; Umemoto et al. 2002; Wan et al. 2004). Most of the previous studies for eating quality were for QTL detection related to physico-chemical and paste viscosity characteristics (Bao et al. 1999, 2000, 2002; Cho et al. 2013; Fan et al. 2005; Guleria et al. 2012; Li et al. 2003; Li et al. 2011; Shu et al. 1998; Wada et al. 2008; Wang et al. 2007).
In the present study, we detected 17 QTLs to four traits, GL, ST, HA and OE associated with the palatability for cooked rice in six regions on chromosomes 1, 3, 5, 6 and 10 in the IM RIL population. The QTLs detected for four traits, GL, ST, HA and OE on chromosomes 3, 5 and 6 were from Ilpumbyeo alleles. Four QTLs on chromosome 3 explained 10.9% to 15.7% of the total phenotypic variation for four traits, GL, ST, HA and OE, respectively (Table 3, Fig. 3). Also, two QTLs for amylose content and GCR were identified in the same region on chromosome 3 for two years (Table 2, Fig. 3). In the previous studies for detecting QTLs related to paste viscosity characteristics using IM RIL population, a QTL for consistency viscosity and two QTLs for AC and GCR was detected in the short arm end on chromosome 3 (Cho et al. 2013). The QTL region on chromosome 3 identified several QTLs for eating quality of cooked rice, namely glossiness, taste, stickiness, hardness, and overall evaluation based on sensory tests by a trained panel in the japonica/japonica population (Kobayashi and Tomita 2008; Takeuchi et al. 2007, 2008; Tanaka et al. 2006; Wada et al. 2008). Especially, this QTL region for GL, TA, ST, HA and OE was constantly identified from Koshihikari allele in RILs from Moritawase (japonica)/Koshihikari (Wada et al. 2008), BILs from Koshihikari/Kasalath (indica)//Koshihikari across years (Takeuchi et al. 2007), and BILs from Nipponbare/Koshihikari//Niponbare (Takeuchi et al. 2008). A QTL, qST-3 for stickiness by Sakihikari allele in RIL population from Sakihikari/Nipponbare was identified throughout the three-year experiments (Kobayashi and Tomita 2008). However, any QTL for physico-chemical properties and glossiness of cooked rice associated with eating quality was not detected in a RIL population from the cross between two Japonicas, Suweon365/Chucheongbyeo (Kwon et al. 2011). Also, Tanaka et al. (2006) didn’t identify any QTL for eating quality using doubled haploid (DH) population from Koshihikari/Akihikari. A QTL for amylose content was detected using DH population from the cross between two Indicas in the region on the short arm end of chromosome 3 (Fan et al. 2005). Based on these studies, this QTL region on the short arm end of chromosome 3 would harbor unique QTLs for eating quality especially by two Japonica varieties Ilpumbyeo and Koshihikari alleles for high eating quality.
A QTL region in RM5558-RM5642 on chromosome 5 harbored four QTLs for GL, ST, HA and OE, and each QTL explained 7.3% to 9% of the total phenotypic variation, respectively (Table 3). In the previous studies, a QTL, qCSV5 explaining 7% of the total phenotypic variation for consistency viscosity was detected in the same region on chromosome 5 (Cho et al. 2013). However, any QTL from Japonica and Indica genetic background was not detected for the traits associated with eating quality near this chromosome region, suggesting that this QTL region contains the novel alleles for eating quality from Ilpumbyeo.
The major QTL region in RM589-RM3370 on the short arm end of chromosome 6 harbored three QTLs explaning 34.2~38.5% of the total phenotypic variation for ST, HA and OE, respectively, except for a QTL for GL explaining 8.4% of the total phenotypic variation. This region contained three QTLs for ADV, AC and GCR explaining 18% to 47.3% of the total phenotypic variation for two years (Table 2). In the previous study using IM RIL population, six QTLs for paste viscosity properties were detected in the same region on chromosome 6, and they explained 6.9~26.8% of the total phenotypic variation (Cho et al. 2013). This QTL region on chromosome 6 harbored wx, Wxa and Wxb genes to determine amylose and amylopectin properties (Ideta et al. 1993; Sano et al. 1991). Most QTLs for eating quality were identified in the region of wx gene on chromosome 6 in the previous studies using DH, RIL and BIL from the crosses of Capitalized the first letter in Indica and japonica (Bao et al. 2000, 2002; He et al. 2006; Kobayashi and Tomita 2008; Kwon et al. 2011; Li et al. 2003; Li et al. 2011; Takeuchi et al. 2007, 2008; Tanaka et al. 2006; Tian et al. 2005; Umemoto et al. 2002; Wada et al. 2008; Wan et al. 2004). Ge et al. (2005) reported that a single QTL located near the wx gene on chromosome 6 seemed to influence all the traits, the length, length elongation, width, width expansion, weight, and water absorption of cooked rice for the cooked rice quality. This locus on chromosome 6 containing a QTL, Hd3 (Lin et al. 2000) and multiple allelism of Se-1 locus for heading date (Yokoo & Kikuchi 1977) would have the most important effect to eating quality in rice. The relationship between heading date and eating quality should be studied in further analysis because heading date affect the chemical components like ADV, and amylose and protein content, which could affect eating quality (Nishimura et al. 1985).
Two QTL loci for GL on chromosome 1 and a QTL locus for ST, HA and OE on chromosome 10 were identified from Moroberekan alleles (Table 3, Fig. 3). These QTLs explained 6.1% to 9.4% of the total phenotypic variation, respectively. In this study population, the QTL loci of qADV1 and qGL1.2 in RM3602-RM529 on chromosome 1 contained a QTL, qCPV1 for cool-paste viscosity (Cho et al. 2013). This QTL region included some QTLs for protein content (Kwon et al. 2011; Aluko et al. 2004), gel consistency and breakdown in paste viscosity properties (Bao et al. 2002), stickiness of palatability test and breakdown, peak viscosity and consistency in paste viscosity properties (Kobayashi & Tomita 2008). The QTLs of qADV10 and qGCR10 in RM467-RM1375 and qAC10, qST10, qHA10 and qOE10in RM484-RM333 on chromosome 10 were identified from Moroberekan alleles (Fig. 3). A QTL region in RM467-RM1375 was identified a QTL for protein content (Takeuchi et al. 2007). A few QTLs for amylose content, and head rice in milling and chalky rice were reported in RM484-RM333 on chromosome 10 (Yun 2014). Two QTLs explaining 5.9~9.8% of the total phenotypic variation by Moroberekan alleles for GCR for two years were identified in RM8215-RM1302 and RM270- RM1300 on chromosome 12, respectively. The QTL region in RM8215-RM1302 did not report any QTL related to physicochemical properties, paste viscosity and eating quality. In the vicinity of RM270-RM1300, a few QTLs for GL, ST and OE were identified (Wada et al. 2008).
In breeding programs of Japonica rice cultivars of high eating quality, the palatability of eating quality is evaluated with a sensory test in the fixed generations of F6 to F8. The molecular breeding system is needed to make breeding programs more efficient because the sensory test is time- consuming and laborious, and it needs a large rice sample. In this study, the most critical regions for eating quality were on chromosomes 3, 5 and 6. MAS using DNA markers tightly linked with those QTLs will be useful for breeding Japonica cultivars with high eating quality. Also, the QTLs on chromosome 1, 10 and 12 could increase eating quality by the alleles from rice germplasm of lower eating quality. This offers the possibility of improving the eating quality of Ilpumbyeo by using other genetic sources among Japonica rice.
This research was supported by the fund for Collaborative Research Project of RDA (Code no. PJ008529, 408529- 03), Republic of Korea.
Fig. 1
Frequency distribution of the physicochemical properties and glossiness of cooked rice determined by Toyo-taste meter for the RIL population from a cross between Ilpumbyeo and Moroberekan in 2010 and 2011.
pbb-02-342f1.jpg
Fig. 2
Frequency distribution of glossiness, stickiness, hardness and overall evaluation for the RIL population from a cross between Ilpumbyeo and Moroberekan in 2011.
pbb-02-342f2.jpg
Fig. 3
The location of putative QTLs for the RIL population from a cross between Ilpumbyeo and Moroberekan in 2010 and 2011. ADV : alkali digestive value; AC : amylose content; GCR : glossiness of cooked rice by Toyo-taste meter; GL : glossiness; ST : stickiness; HA : hardness; OE : overall evaluation.
pbb-02-342f3.jpg
Fig. 4
Putative QTLs for stickiness and hardness of palatability of cooked rice evaluated by three panels.
pbb-02-342f4.jpg
Table 1
Correlation coefficients among two physico-chemical properties and five traits related to eating quality of cooked rice.
Table 1
(10)ADVz) (11)ADV (10)AC (11)AC (10)GCR (11)GCR (11)GL (11)ST (11)HA
(11)ADV 0.752**
(10)AC −0.023ns 0.094ns
(11)AC −0.010ns 0.172* 0.836**
(10)GCR 0.536** 0.626** −0.128ns 0.009ns
(11)GCR 0.314** 0.308** −0.315** −0.202* 0.554**
(11)GL - 0.438** - −0.129ns - 0.469**
(11)ST - 0.501** - −0.543** - 0.497** 0.752**
(11)HA - 0.663** - −0.534** - 0.494** 0.746** 0.967**
(11)OE - 0.538** - −0.501** - 0.506** 0.786** 0.978** 0.972**

( ): The numbers of parenthesis mean year; (10) is 2010, and (11) is 2011.

z)ADV: alkali digestive value; AC: amylose content; GCR: glossiness of cooked rice by Toyo-taste meter; GL: glossiness; ST: stickiness; HA: hardness; OE: overall evaluation

Table 2
Putative QTLs detected for alkali digestive value, amylose content and glossiness of cooked rice determined by Toyo-taste meter.
Table 2
Trait QTL Chr. Year Linked markers LOD R2(%) Allele effect Allele typez)
ADV (Alkali digestive value) qADV1 1 2011 RM3602-RM529 3.69 9.9 1.38 MM
qADV6.1 6 2010 RM587-RM3370 10.77 32.1 2.43 II
2011 RM587-RM217 12.37 36.6 2.67 II
qADV6.2 6 2010 RM1161-RM3498 4.12 11.7 1.80 II
2011 RM1161-RM3498 5.15 13.6 2.05 II
qADV10 10 2010 RM467-RM1375 4.08 10.6 1.55 MM
2011 RM467-RM1375 3.24 8.8 1.30 MM
Amylose content (%) qAC3 3 2010 RM6349-RM523 5.02 11.8 2.8 II
2011 RM6349-RM523 3.23 8.5 2.1 II
qAC6 6 2010 RM589-RM3370 22.47 47.3 5.1 II
2011 RM589-RM3370 19.95 44.8 4.9 II
qAC10 10 2010 RM484-RM333 3.76 9.9 2.6 MM
2011 RM333 3.00 8.7 2.1 MM
GCR (glossiness of cooked rice by Toyo-taste meter) qGCR3 3 2010 RM60-RM523 2.77 7.5 3.9 II
2011 RM60-RM523 2.04 9.5 4.7 II
qGCR6.1 6 2010 RM589-RM217 7.55 18.0 5.9 II
2011 RM589-RM217 9.11 28.3 10.3 II
qGCR6.2 6 2010 RM1161-RM3498 3.47 8.7 6.3 II
2011 RM1161-RM3498 6.24 16.2 9.3 II
qGCR10 10 2010 RM467-RM1375 2.53 6.9 5.3 MM
2011 RM1375 2.13 5.4 4.3 MM
qGCR12.1 12 2010 RM1302 2.02 5.9 4.7 MM
2011 RM8215-RM1302 2.91 7.8 5.1 MM
qGCR12.2 12 2010 RM270-RM1300 3.58 9.8 6.4 MM
2011 RM270 2.36 6.1 4.6 MM

z)Allele type contributed for QTL: II, Ilpumbyeo; MM, Moroberekan

Table 3
Putative QTLs for glossiness, stickiness, hardness and overall evaluation by taste evaluation of panels
Table 3
Trait QTL Chr. Linked markers LOD R2(%) Allele effect Allele typez)
GL (Glossiness) qGL1.1 1 RM1201-RM259 2.59 7.2 0.71 MM
qGL1.2 1 RM529 2.17 6.1 0.66 MM
qGL3 3 RM60-RM523 5.58 15.7 1.06 II
qGL5 5 RM5642 2.99 9 0.78 II
qGL6 6 RM587-RM3370 3.08 8.4 0.76 II
ST (Stickness) qST3 3 RM60-RM523 4.21 12.1 1.04 II
qST5 5 RM5558-RM5642 2.59 7.6 0.82 II
qST6 6 RM587-RM3370 15.94 38.5 1.84 II
qST10 10 RM484-RM333 2.89 9.4 0.92 MM
SF (Softness) qHA3 3 RM60-RM523 3.64 10.9 0.92 II
qHA5 5 RM5558-RM5642 2.87 8.2 0.8 II
qHA6 6 RM587-RM3370 14.64 37.4 1.74 II
qHA10 10 RM484-RM333 2.1 6.9 0.73 MM
OE (Overall evaluation) qOE3 3 RM60-RM523 4.19 12.7 0.97 II
qOE5 5 RM5558-RM5642 2.5 7.3 0.73 II
qOE6 6 RM587-RM3370 12.96 34.3 1.64 II
qOE10 10 RM484-RM333 2.38 7.9 0.77 MM

Allele type: II, Ilpumbyeo; MM, Moroberekan

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QTL Detection Associated with Eating Quality Based on Palatability Test in Japonica Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Plant Breed. Biotech.. 2014;2(4):342-353.   Published online December 31, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/PBB.2014.2.4.342
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QTL Detection Associated with Eating Quality Based on Palatability Test in Japonica Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Plant Breed. Biotech.. 2014;2(4):342-353.   Published online December 31, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/PBB.2014.2.4.342
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QTL Detection Associated with Eating Quality Based on Palatability Test in Japonica Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Image Image Image Image
Fig. 1 Frequency distribution of the physicochemical properties and glossiness of cooked rice determined by Toyo-taste meter for the RIL population from a cross between Ilpumbyeo and Moroberekan in 2010 and 2011.
Fig. 2 Frequency distribution of glossiness, stickiness, hardness and overall evaluation for the RIL population from a cross between Ilpumbyeo and Moroberekan in 2011.
Fig. 3 The location of putative QTLs for the RIL population from a cross between Ilpumbyeo and Moroberekan in 2010 and 2011. ADV : alkali digestive value; AC : amylose content; GCR : glossiness of cooked rice by Toyo-taste meter; GL : glossiness; ST : stickiness; HA : hardness; OE : overall evaluation.
Fig. 4 Putative QTLs for stickiness and hardness of palatability of cooked rice evaluated by three panels.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

QTL Detection Associated with Eating Quality Based on Palatability Test in Japonica Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Correlation coefficients among two physico-chemical properties and five traits related to eating quality of cooked rice.

(10)ADVz) (11)ADV (10)AC (11)AC (10)GCR (11)GCR (11)GL (11)ST (11)HA
(11)ADV 0.752**
(10)AC −0.023ns 0.094ns
(11)AC −0.010ns 0.172* 0.836**
(10)GCR 0.536** 0.626** −0.128ns 0.009ns
(11)GCR 0.314** 0.308** −0.315** −0.202* 0.554**
(11)GL - 0.438** - −0.129ns - 0.469**
(11)ST - 0.501** - −0.543** - 0.497** 0.752**
(11)HA - 0.663** - −0.534** - 0.494** 0.746** 0.967**
(11)OE - 0.538** - −0.501** - 0.506** 0.786** 0.978** 0.972**

( ): The numbers of parenthesis mean year; (10) is 2010, and (11) is 2011.

z)ADV: alkali digestive value; AC: amylose content; GCR: glossiness of cooked rice by Toyo-taste meter; GL: glossiness; ST: stickiness; HA: hardness; OE: overall evaluation

Putative QTLs detected for alkali digestive value, amylose content and glossiness of cooked rice determined by Toyo-taste meter.

Trait QTL Chr. Year Linked markers LOD R2(%) Allele effect Allele typez)
ADV (Alkali digestive value) qADV1 1 2011 RM3602-RM529 3.69 9.9 1.38 MM
qADV6.1 6 2010 RM587-RM3370 10.77 32.1 2.43 II
2011 RM587-RM217 12.37 36.6 2.67 II
qADV6.2 6 2010 RM1161-RM3498 4.12 11.7 1.80 II
2011 RM1161-RM3498 5.15 13.6 2.05 II
qADV10 10 2010 RM467-RM1375 4.08 10.6 1.55 MM
2011 RM467-RM1375 3.24 8.8 1.30 MM
Amylose content (%) qAC3 3 2010 RM6349-RM523 5.02 11.8 2.8 II
2011 RM6349-RM523 3.23 8.5 2.1 II
qAC6 6 2010 RM589-RM3370 22.47 47.3 5.1 II
2011 RM589-RM3370 19.95 44.8 4.9 II
qAC10 10 2010 RM484-RM333 3.76 9.9 2.6 MM
2011 RM333 3.00 8.7 2.1 MM
GCR (glossiness of cooked rice by Toyo-taste meter) qGCR3 3 2010 RM60-RM523 2.77 7.5 3.9 II
2011 RM60-RM523 2.04 9.5 4.7 II
qGCR6.1 6 2010 RM589-RM217 7.55 18.0 5.9 II
2011 RM589-RM217 9.11 28.3 10.3 II
qGCR6.2 6 2010 RM1161-RM3498 3.47 8.7 6.3 II
2011 RM1161-RM3498 6.24 16.2 9.3 II
qGCR10 10 2010 RM467-RM1375 2.53 6.9 5.3 MM
2011 RM1375 2.13 5.4 4.3 MM
qGCR12.1 12 2010 RM1302 2.02 5.9 4.7 MM
2011 RM8215-RM1302 2.91 7.8 5.1 MM
qGCR12.2 12 2010 RM270-RM1300 3.58 9.8 6.4 MM
2011 RM270 2.36 6.1 4.6 MM

z)Allele type contributed for QTL: II, Ilpumbyeo; MM, Moroberekan

Putative QTLs for glossiness, stickiness, hardness and overall evaluation by taste evaluation of panels

Trait QTL Chr. Linked markers LOD R2(%) Allele effect Allele typez)
GL (Glossiness) qGL1.1 1 RM1201-RM259 2.59 7.2 0.71 MM
qGL1.2 1 RM529 2.17 6.1 0.66 MM
qGL3 3 RM60-RM523 5.58 15.7 1.06 II
qGL5 5 RM5642 2.99 9 0.78 II
qGL6 6 RM587-RM3370 3.08 8.4 0.76 II
ST (Stickness) qST3 3 RM60-RM523 4.21 12.1 1.04 II
qST5 5 RM5558-RM5642 2.59 7.6 0.82 II
qST6 6 RM587-RM3370 15.94 38.5 1.84 II
qST10 10 RM484-RM333 2.89 9.4 0.92 MM
SF (Softness) qHA3 3 RM60-RM523 3.64 10.9 0.92 II
qHA5 5 RM5558-RM5642 2.87 8.2 0.8 II
qHA6 6 RM587-RM3370 14.64 37.4 1.74 II
qHA10 10 RM484-RM333 2.1 6.9 0.73 MM
OE (Overall evaluation) qOE3 3 RM60-RM523 4.19 12.7 0.97 II
qOE5 5 RM5558-RM5642 2.5 7.3 0.73 II
qOE6 6 RM587-RM3370 12.96 34.3 1.64 II
qOE10 10 RM484-RM333 2.38 7.9 0.77 MM

Allele type: II, Ilpumbyeo; MM, Moroberekan

Table 1 Correlation coefficients among two physico-chemical properties and five traits related to eating quality of cooked rice.

( ): The numbers of parenthesis mean year; (10) is 2010, and (11) is 2011.

ADV: alkali digestive value; AC: amylose content; GCR: glossiness of cooked rice by Toyo-taste meter; GL: glossiness; ST: stickiness; HA: hardness; OE: overall evaluation

Table 2 Putative QTLs detected for alkali digestive value, amylose content and glossiness of cooked rice determined by Toyo-taste meter.

Allele type contributed for QTL: II, Ilpumbyeo; MM, Moroberekan

Table 3 Putative QTLs for glossiness, stickiness, hardness and overall evaluation by taste evaluation of panels

Allele type: II, Ilpumbyeo; MM, Moroberekan

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

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