In this study, molecular-genetic analyses were carried out to identify resistance to yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) in soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) samples. Yellow rust is one of the most destructive diseases of wheat worldwide, causing significant yield losses and posing a serious threat to global food security, particularly under changing climatic conditions. The disease is also highly prevalent in Central Asian countries, including Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, where wheat is a staple crop and ensuring stable production is of strategic importance. A total of 68 wheat genotypes were examined and genotyped using 42 highly polymorphic DNA markers. Based on the obtained phenotypic and genotypic data, association analysis was performed using the TASSEL and STRUCTURE programs. To identify genetic associations, GLM (General Linear Model) and MLM (Mixed Linear Model) statistical models were applied. The analysis revealed that the following markers showed significant and reliable associations with yellow rust resistance: Barc0187 (p=0.0040), Gwm340 (p=0.0043), Barc008 (p=0.0132), and Gwm111 (p=0.0147). These markers are recommended as reliable molecular indicators for identifying yellow rust-resistant genotypes and for improving marker-assisted selection (MAS) strategies in future wheat breeding programs.

Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L.) is a nutrient-rich tropical legume with considerable potential to improve food security in tropical regions. However, breeding programs for purple-podded winged bean remain limited due to insufficient information on key genetic parameters. This study aimed to assess heritability, expected genetic gain, trait correlations, and path analysis in advanced purple-podded winged bean lines. Ten breeding lines derived from crosses of Indonesian landraces were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Traits observed included days to flowering, days to harvest, fruit set, pod width, pod length, pod weight, pod weight per plant, number of seeds per pod, and yield potential. The results revealed high broad-sense heritability (>0.5) for all traits, with the highest values observed for pod length (0.96), pod width (0.95), and fruit set (0.90). Expected genetic gain was highest for fruit set (35.20%), pod weight per plant (34.44%), and yield potential (34.44%). Correlation analysis indicated strong positive relationships between days to flowering and days to harvest (r = 0.90), while yield potential showed a perfect correlation with pod weight per plant (r = 1.00). Path analysis revealed positive direct effects of fruit set (0.478) and pod weight (0.310) on pod weight per plant, whereas number of seeds per pod had a negative direct effect (-0.429). Genotypes MNN 1122 and PLB 2324 exhibited the highest yield potentials (8.58 and 7.63 t ha^-1, respectively). These findings provide important genetic insights for the development of high-yielding purple-podded winged bean varieties.

Carbohydrates and genetic factors influence cell division in citrus fruits from ovule cultures. Here, we investigated the effects of various carbohydrate sources (sorbitol, maltose, galactose, and lactose) on cell proliferation, somatic embryogenesis, and plant regeneration in three Citrus unshiu cultivars (‘Miyagawa wase’ [MW], ‘Haryejosaeng’ [HW], and ‘Nankan 20 gou’ [NW]), and one C. reticulata cultivar (‘Ootaponkan’ [PM]). In PM, carbohydrate sources did not affect proliferation; MW showed a significant but marginal increase in media containing 300 mM mannitol. It also proliferated well in media supplemented with 300 mM sorbitol and a mixture of galactose and lactose. NW achieved the best rate with 100 mM mannitol and 146 mM lactose, whereas HW proliferated well with 100 mM mannitol alone. Phylogenetic analysis using 18 citrus varieties showed distinct genetic differences among the cultivars, suggesting that the differences in regeneration capacities in different carbohydrate sources could be attributed to their genetic differences. This study provides valuable insights for optimizing tissue culture protocols for mandarin varieties and may enhance the efficiency of citrus breeding and tissue culture applications.

Black sapote (Diospyros digyna Jacq.) is a fruit that is rich in benefits and has high economic value. However, the sex of this plant is difficult to determine early, and data on the plant is still very limited. This qualitative quantitative research was conducted to identify the genetic diversity of black sapote based on RAPD marker to determine the sex of black sapote plants. The sample used consisted of seven black sapote accessions with sample codes including P, M1, M2, M3, F1, F2, and F3. This research consists of several stages, namely DNA extraction and PCR amplification using six RAPD primers (OPA 02, OPA 05, OPA 08, OPA 09, OPC 09, and OPD 15), including electrophoresis to visualize amplified DNA. Data were analyzed using NTSYS 2.02 software and dendogram were obtained using the UPGMA method in the SAHN function. The results of the analysis showed that the polymorphism resulting from the seven black sapote accessions ranged from 50–80%, with PIC (Polymorphic Information Content) values ranging from 0.28–0.50. The closest related accessions are M1 with F2, while accession P with F2 has the highest genetic diversity. The OPA 02 primer with a band measuring 380 bp can be used as a putative marker in the determination of the female sex and hermaphrodite of black sapote plants.

The genetic control of rice resistance has been extensively studied, but how the resistance mechanism is genetically controlled has received less attention. This study revealed that the rice resistance mechanism toward brown planthopper was genetically controlled by several genes with several mendelian patterns. The tolerance mechanism is controlled by three complementary genes; this is confirmed by QTL analysis, whereas the Antibiosis is controlled by three separate loci on chromosomes 2, 8, and 11. The antixenosis was controlled by polygenic, but detected locus only on chromosome 3, with minor effects.

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• ‘Drimi9ho’, A Lodging Tolerance with Mid-late Maturing, Improved White-backed Planthopper (Sogatella furcifera) and Cultivation Stability
  Jae-Ryoung Park, Eun-Gyeong Kim, Yoon-Hee Jang, Kyung-Min Kim
  Korean Journal of Breeding Science.2025; 57(4): 493.     CrossRef

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a fundamental crop worldwide, playing a crucial role in ensuring food security for human beings. Understanding the genetic diversity of wheat cultivars and developing genetic passports through DNA fingerprinting is essential for preventing varietal duplication enhancing breeding diversity and protecting breeders' rights globally. This study investigated the genetic diversity, phylogenetic relationships, and allelic frequencies of 32 Uzbekistan bread wheat cultivars using 66 polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Unique marker alleles were identified and used to develop genetic passports for the cultivars. The results showed that the primers Barc181, Wmc522, Wmc407, Wms18, Cfa2201, Wms294, Cfd76, Wmc73, Wmc486, Cfa220, Wmc314, And Wms495 are reliable SSR markers for assessing genetic polymorphism in Uzbek wheat cultivars.

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• Genetic analysis of fusarium wilt resistance in Upland cotton germplasm ( Gossypium hirsutum L.)
  Naim N. Khusenov, Jurabek K. Norbekov, Umid A. Boykobilov, Zebo S. Yuldosheva, Ilyos S. Normamatov, Abdusalom Kh. Makamov, Mirzakamol S. Ayubov, Mukhtor M. Darmanov, Akmal M. Asrorov, Zabardast T. Buriev, Maftuna U. Makhmudova, Ozod S. Turaev, John Z. Yu,
  Journal of Plant Interactions.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef

Plant breeding relies on genetic variation to produce new and improved cultivars. One way to obtain novel traits is by inducing mutations. The present study aimed to create a Fusarium crown rot (FCR) and Fusarium head blight (FHB)-resistant mutagenized wheat population using ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) and identify mutant resistance to FCR and FHB, which could provide a starting point for resistance breeding. The optimal mutagenesis conditions were determined based on the germination percentage. This study used six Chinese wheat cultivars, namely Jimai22, Hengguan35, Shixin828, Gaoyou2018, Keiwei20, and Keiwei18, to create a mutant population by treating them with EMS. For Shixin828, the optimal condition was 0.8% EMS with a 50-55% germination rate. For Hengguan35 and Jimai22, it was 0.6% EMS. For Gaoyou2018 and Kewei20, it was 0.8% and 0.4-0.6%, respectively. The FCR disease index of the mutant lines (M₁) ranged from 10.00 to 77.67. For M₂, the number of individual mutant plants demonstrating resistance to FCR varied from 76 to 102. In M₃, 570 healthy plants were obtained using various EMS concentrations. The mutant line Kewei18 demonstrated the most resistance to FCR, FHB, and Deoxynivalenol (DON) infection. Kewei20 mutants had a higher FHB susceptibility than other mutants. Overall, mutants from the Kewei18 genetic background displayed better disease resistance to both diseases and DON contamination than natural plants. Mutants with or moderate resistance to FCR and FHB could be used in breeding and genetic studies to identify FHB and FCR-resistant Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) in wheat.

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• Mutation breeding: an underutilized strategy for improving finger millet productivity and nutritional quality
  Maltase Mutanda, Sandiswa Figlan, Nemera G. Shargie, Eastonce T. Gwata
  Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• GAMMA RAY-INDUCED MUTAGENESIS IN FORAGE CROPS: A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS
  B Putra, Harmini -, J Sirait, J Nulik, D.K. Hau, S Bahar, W Darwiati, D.J. Polakitan, Zubir -, S Agustini, R.F. Suneth, R.A. Saptati, K Simanihuruk
  The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences.2025; (1): 1.     CrossRef
• Enhancing drought tolerance in malting and forage barley through mutagenesis
  Dianey Celeste Cruz-Muñoz, Myriam Guadalupe Rodríguez-Gandarilla, Miguel Angel Avila-Perches, Rafael Urrea-López, Julio Armando Massange-Sánchez
  Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology.2025; 28(4): 521.     CrossRef

The genus Rhynchostylis contains important commercial orchids in Thailand with high diversity, but limited information is available regarding the genetic diversity of these orchids. Rhynchostylis has a short blooming period, which makes more difficult to distinguish between variations based only on their appearances. This study evaluated the genetic variation among six accessions of Rhynchostylis, along with one Vanda and one Aerides accession collected from different locations in the northeast of Thailand using 16 polymorphic inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. The ISSR markers comprised 83 alleles with sizes ranging from 208 to 1,223 bp. The average number of alleles per locus was 5.19, with a standard deviation of 3.49. The average percentage of polymorphic bands was 95.21%. Polymorphism information content (PIC) values ranged between 0.05 and 0.44, with a mean average of 0.21. The calculated genetic similarity coefficients ranged from 0.383 to 0.914, suggesting a high level of genetic diversity among all the samples. UPGMA dendrograms were created using genetic similarity coefficients and divided into three main clusters. Cluster I contained four closely related R. gigantea orchids. Cluster II comprised two accessions, R. gigantea var. vivaphandhul and V. coelestis, while Cluster III contained two accessions of R. retusa and A. houlettiana. Based on ISSR data, the genetic similarities among the 8 orchid accessions do not correlate with flower color phenotypes and sampling locations, except for Cluster I. The results suggest that ISSR markers can effectively assess the genetic information of both wild and cultivated orchid resources. This study provides useful information for further development of novel markers specific to orchid varieties and for assisting the success of orchid breeding programs through the selection of parent plants.

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• Phylogenetic relationship based on DNA barcodes and comparative analysis of phytochemical contents among Rhynchostylis orchids in Thailand
  Juthaporn Saengprajak, Jirapa Phetsom, Aphidech Sangdee, Arnusorn Saengprajak, Thanwanit Thanyasiriwat, Wuttipong Mahakham
  Scientific Reports.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Development of ISSR-derived SCAR markers for precise identification and conservation of Rhynchostylis gigantea and its variety rubrum in Thailand
  Juthaporn Saengprajak, Thanwanit Thanyasiriwat, Arnusorn Saengprajak, Aphidech Sangdee
  South African Journal of Botany.2026; 189: 551.     CrossRef

Hybridization studies and reciprocal crosses were carried out on Basella alba var alba and Basella alba var rubra morphotypes in the family Basellaceae collected from various locations in the southwestern part of Nigeria. This was done to ascertain the possibility of gene exchange between the morphotypes and to examine the performance of the F₁ hybrids produced in other to help in their genetic improvement. A total of 300 crosses were carried out between the Basella alba and Basella rubra morphotypes studied. From the Basella alba × Basella rubra 150 crosses, 19 individuals were raised out of which two did not grow beyond two leave stage. The hybrids had purple pigmentation. From the reciprocal 150 Basella rubra × Basella alba crosses, 21 hybrids were raised of which 3 failed to germinate beyond two leave stage and all the remaining had red pigmentation. The F₁ hybrids obtained from the crosses showed no significant difference with the parents in the vegetative and reproductive characters studied. The hybrids obtained were not significantly different irrespective of the choice of maternal parent as the red pigmentation was dominant. It was concluded that the hybrids showed no clear superiority compared with the parents except that it matured earlier under our environmental conditions.

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• Genetic diversity assessment of accessions of Basella alba var alba and Basella alba var rubra morphotypes using vegetative and reproductive trait
  Isaac Oluwatobi Adeniran, Abolade Oluremi Bolaji
  International Journal of Vegetable Science.2024; 30(2): 163.     CrossRef

Drought tolerance is derived from complex quantitative traits that are associated with different shoot and root morphological characters. This study assessed the genetic and phenotypic variation of 12 maize inbred lines and performed association analysis of 11 drought-related traits using 360 simple sequence repeats (SSRs), detecting 1,604 alleles, with an average of 4.4 alleles per locus. The average values of gene diversity (GD) and polymorphism information content (PIC) were 0.648 and 0.598, respectively. In principal component analysis (PCA), shoot fresh weight (SFW), shoot dry weight (SDW), stem weight (SW), leaf weight (LW), root fresh weight (RFW), root dry weight (RDW), and leaf area (LA) traits contributed greatly to the PCA. Association analysis was performed using a general linear model with a Q-matrix (Q GLM) and a mixed linear model with Q and K-matrices (Q + K MLM). Twelve SSR markers for drought tolerance trait were detected by Q GLM, and all maize inbred lines were clearly divided into two groups in accordance with their drought tolerance. Duplicated significant marker-trait associations (SMTAs) between Q GLM and Q + K MLM identified eight marker-trait associations involving four SSR markers that were associated with the traits of SW, SFW, RFW, and RDW with a significant level of P < 0.05. The umc1175 and umc2092 were associated with SW and SFW; umc1503 was associated with RFW, SFW, and SW; and umc2341 was associated with RDW. The detection of loci associated with drought-related traits in this study may provide better opportunities to improve maize drought tolerance by marker-assisted selection (MAS).

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• Using Flint Maize for Developing New Hybrids: A Case Study in Romania
  Roxana Elena Călugăr, Andrei Varga, Carmen Daniela Vana, Loredana Ancuța Ceclan, Felicia Chețan, Andras Fodor, Nicolae Tritean
  Agronomy.2025; 15(9): 2215.     CrossRef
• Leveraging Multiomics Insights and Exploiting Wild Relatives’ Potential for Drought and Heat Tolerance in Maize
  Shakra Jamil, Shakeel Ahmad, Rahil Shahzad, Noroza Umer, Shamsa Kanwal, Hafiz Mamoon Rehman, Iqrar Ahmad Rana, Rana Muhammad Atif
  Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.2024; 72(29): 16048.     CrossRef
• Association Mapping for Evaluation of Population Structure, Genetic Diversity, and Physiochemical Traits in Drought-Stressed Maize Germplasm Using SSR Markers
  Muhammad Zahaib Ilyas, Hyeon Park, So Jung Jang, Jungeun Cho, Kyu Jin Sa, Ju Kyong Lee
  Plants.2023; 12(24): 4092.     CrossRef
• Uncovering microsatellite markers associated with agronomic traits of South Sudan landrace maize
  Emmanuel Andrea Mathiang, Hyeon Park, So Jung Jang, Jungeun Cho, Tae Hyeon Heo, Ju Kyong Lee
  Genes & Genomics.2023; 45(12): 1587.     CrossRef

The coffee value chain is a source of livelihood for millions of people across the world and yet the resilience of coffee is limited by the relatively narrow genetic base among commercial coffee cultivars. A study was conducted to determine genetic variation, heritability estimates and relationships among coffee genotypes in Zimbabwe. Quantitative morphological characteristics of twelve genotypes were recorded under field conditions. There were significant variations in coffee yield, plant height, stem girth, number of primary branches, number of bearing branches, internode length and leaf characteristics, with no significant variations in seed characteristics and number of nodes. Broad sense heritability estimates for the quantitative traits ranged from 0.03% to 91.4%, being highest for plant height, coffee yield, stem girth, leaf length and leaf area. The implications are that coffee yield and plant height are independent of significant environmental influences while seed, branching traits and leaf traits are influenced by the environment in their expression. Yield was significantly correlated to branches per plant, plant height, seed traits and stem girth. Clustering of genotypes was influenced by plant height, yield and stem girth. Overall, few traits were important in distinguishing coffee genotypes, implying narrow diversity. Hybridization, further introductions from other producer countries, coffee gene banks and/or introductions from the wild, and concerted germplasm conservation efforts are recommended.

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• Structural Equation Modeling and Genome-Wide Selection for Multiple Traits to Enhance Arabica Coffee Breeding Programs
  Matheus Massariol Suela, Camila Ferreira Azevedo, Ana Carolina Campana Nascimento, Eveline Teixeira Caixeta Moura, Antônio Carlos Baião de Oliveira, Gota Morota, Moysés Nascimento
  Agronomy.2025; 15(7): 1686.     CrossRef
• Towards a minimum number of key flower traits in studies of Coffea spp. phenotype variability
  Larícia Olária Emerick Silva, Maria Juliete Lucindo Rodrigues, Rafael Nunes de Almeida, José Nobre Semedo, Miroslava Rakocevic, Fábio Luiz Partelli
  Scientia Horticulturae.2024; 337: 113513.     CrossRef

The number of four-seeded pods is a plant trait that is of great interest in terms of increasing soybean production. The
objective
of this study was to understand the agronomic characteristics of four-seeded pods of FS1159, which contain a significantly higher ratio of four-seeded pods than do other genotypes. FS1159 showed a significantly lower ratio of one- and two-seeded pods and a significantly higher ratio of three- (39.6%) and four- (11.3%) seeded pods than did the four check soybeans. The average values of the traits of FS1159 in this study were: plant height, 58.1 cm; the number of nodes, 15.7; the number of branches, 6.5; and 100-seed weight, 20.3 g. These results indicate that FS1159 can be used as a new genetic resource to explore the traits of four-seeded-pod and improve the soybean yield.

Cultivation of the medicinal herb Panax ginseng Meyer began by domesticating wild mountain ginsengs several hundred years ago in Korea. Elucidating the diversity of the maternally inherited plastid genome (plastome) in diverse ginseng collections including wild ginsengs would provide valuable information on ginseng breeding and cultivation history. We sequenced and compared the plastomes of 44 ginseng accessions collected from various Northeast Asian countries. The plastomes revealed 18 polymorphic sites, including 11 SNPs and 7 InDels, which portrayed less diversity than in the most closely related species, P. quinquefolius. We developed 10 kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) markers and utilized them along with four previously developed InDel markers to characterize the genotypes of 203 ginseng accessions. Digital genotyping based on the developed KASP markers classified the accessions into 10 main and 2 branching haplotypes. Four InDel markers derived from different copy numbers of tandem repeats showed dynamic subgrouping within the haplotypes due to the occurrence of multi-alleles and reversible mutations. The digital haplotype genotyping (haplotyping) revealed that haplotype A, representing 60.1% of the accessions, might be the original plastome form without any SNP occurrence. Accumulation patterns of the variations suggest that nine main haplotypes (B-J) diverged independently by new SNP occurrences from the original plastome, and branching haplotypes may have derived from the first mutant lineage by additional SNP deposition. The digital haplotyping system based on plastome diversity deepens understanding of ginseng evolution and serves as a useful molecular breeding tool.

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• PCR-Based Molecular Authentication Method for Sources of Agrimoniae Herba via Comparative Analyses of Complete Chloroplast Genomes
  Woojong Jang, Sae Hyun Lee, Wook Jin Kim, Sungyu Yang, Byeong Cheol Moon
  International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(22): 11189.     CrossRef
• Development and authentication of Panax ginseng cv. Sunhong with high yield and multiple tolerance to heat damage, rusty roots and lodging
  Jiho Seo, Joon-Soo Lee, Sung-Lye Shim, Jun-Gyo In, Chol-Soo Park, Yong-Jae Lee, Hee-Jun Ahn
  Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology.2023; 64(5): 753.     CrossRef
• The current research progress of ginseng species: The cultivation and application
  Kaimei Zhang, Shengai Zhang, Atsushi Ebihara, Xiaoqi Zhou, Likun Fan, Pengfei Li, Zhuqi Zhang, Yuyan Wang, Yu Shen
  Cogent Food & Agriculture.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• In Vitro Cultivation and Ginsenosides Accumulation in Panax ginseng: A Review
  Fengjiao Xu, Anjali Kariyarath Valappil, Ramya Mathiyalagan, Thi Ngoc Anh Tran, Zelika Mega Ramadhania, Muhammad Awais, Deok Chun Yang
  Plants.2023; 12(17): 3165.     CrossRef

Squash (Cucurbita moschata D.) is an economically important vegetable of the Cucurbitaceae family. The genetic purity of commercial hybrid seed is crucial for the success of hybrid seed production. The molecular markers like single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) can efficiently and cost-effectively distinguish the genetic differences among F₁ hybrid cultivars. Therefore, in this study, we used ‘Fluidigm SNP Genotyping’ assay using 27 SNPs to distinguish and purity analysis of registered commercial F₁ hybrid cultivars and F₁ breeding lines of squash. Of these, eight SNP markers, including CMo-A01, CMo-A02, CMo-A04, CMo-A05, CMo-A12, CMo-A16, CMo-A20 and CMo-A25 can successfully identified heterozygotes from the registered commercial F₁ hybrid squash cultivars with 100% accuracy and partial contamination was detected for F₁ hybrid squash breeding lines which resulted due to outcrossing. Moreover, the HRM analysis of a registered commercial F₁ hybrid cultivar ‘Parangsae’ with CMo-A03 SNP marker showed 96.30-100% purity of the cultivar. Our results suggest that the ‘Fluidigm SNP Genotyping’ technology could be a rapid and cost-effective method for cultivar differentiation and genetic purity analysis of F₁ hybrids and squash cultivars.

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• Unlocking the Potential of Cucurbitaceae Seed Oils: A Narrative Review on Phytochemical, Pharmacological, and Biotechnological Applications
  Boniface Anthony Ale, Peter Chinedu Agu, Patrick Maduabuchi Aja
  Natural Product Communications.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef

This study estimated the genetic variability and gene action of several traits in the F₄ and F₅ rice populations to determine a trait for selection program. The trait of date to flowering and date to harvesting had narrow genetic variability, whereas trait productive tillers, number of fertile grain, and total grains had moderate to wide genetic variability. Genetic variability in trait number of fertile grain and total grains showed decreased in F₅ generation compare to the F₄ generation, whereas trait productive tillers, date to flowering, and date to harvesting showed an increase. Additive gene action with duplicate and complementary epistasis was found in all traits, except for trait productive tillers only showed additive gene action with duplicate epistasis. Kurtosis less than 3 was found in all traits which indicate many genes control the traits. The number of fertile grain trait showed wide genetic variability which decreased in F₅ generation compare to the F₄ generation, and there is an additive gene action with duplicate epistasis. It indicates selection will be effective with the trait of number of fertile grain.

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• Genetic Purity Analysis Using Polymorphic SSR Markers in Rice Genotypes (Oryza sativa L.) and Their Confirmation for the Parental Lines
  Afifuddin Latif Adiredjo, Noer Rahmi Ardiarini, Damanhuri
  Plant Breeding and Biotechnology.2023; 11(3): 220.     CrossRef

First initiation of breeding started thousands of years ago when human practiced selection based in visually appealing traits. Further, domestication of wild plants eased adaptation of plant breeding. With increase in population the demand for food also increased which resulted in development of various breeding methodologies. Conventional breeding is a selective breeding methodology where crops are selected based on superior performances. Pure-line selections, mass selection, back cross breeding, recurrent selection, hybridization were most famous traditional breeding methods. It is a longer breeding method and is over-dependent on phenotype of plants. However, phenotypes of a plant are affected by various externalities. So, selection based on phenotypic expression is not accurate. As a result, breeder started integrating various branches of biology in plant breeding and developed modern breeding practices. After Mendelian theory and identification of DNA and RNA, plant breeding diverted to molecular era. People started breeding based on less environmentally susceptible parameters like genotypes, visual and genetic markers, image analysis and loci mapping. Some of the most common modern breeding practices include genomic selection, markers assisted breeding, high throughput phenotyping and CRISPR-Cas9. Despite these, plant breeding has fired up the problems of gene erosion due to loss of local landraces and wild-type plants.

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Six durum and twelve bread wheat genotypes were evaluated under favorable and drought-stressed field conditions, and screened with thirty simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers. The traits studied were stomata frequency (STF), relative water content (RWC), flag leaf area (FLA), flag leaf weight (FLW), flag leaf dry matter content (FLD), chlorophyll a content (Chl.a), chlorophyll b content (Chl.b), grain yield/plant (GYP) and 1000-kerenl weight (TKW). Highly significant differences were observed among wheat genotypes for all the traits, indicating considerable genetic variation. Moderate to high broad-sense heritability estimates were observed for the studied traits. Under drought stress, GYP was positively correlated with RWC, FLA, FLW and TKW, whereas negatively correlated with STF. G3 (Svevo) and G6 (WK-12-1) were the most drought-tolerant durum wheat, whereas G11 (L.S-15) and G16 (SIDS-1) were the most drought-tolerant bread wheat genotypes. SSR markers analysis indicated considerable genetic variation between and within durum and bread wheat genotypes. The percentage of polymorphism ranged from 14.3% (Xgwm174-5D) to 100% (Xgwm294-2A and Xgwm573-7B), with an average of 61.4%. The polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.20 (Xwmc596-7A) to 0.48 (Xgwm294-2A), with an average of 0.33.The highest polymorphism (77.1%) was observed in the B genome followed by A (57.8%) and D (50.0%) genomes. Cluster analysis based on phenotypic data distinguished the most drought-tolerant genotypes (G6 and G11) from the remaining genotypes. Cluster analysis based on SSR markers distinguished durum from bread wheat genotypes. The study indicated that phenotypic data and SSR markers were effective in assessing the genetic diversity in the studied genotypes.

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Faba bean is amongst the most important food legumes in the world. Ninety landraces and six released faba bean accessions were evaluated for variability parameters, correlation, and path coefficients for nineteen traits at two locations over two years. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) to very high significant differences (P < 0.001) among accessions for all traits considered in all environments except for leaf width, days to flowering, number of seeds per pod, and seed filling period which were non-significant at Girar Jerso in 2018 and number of branches per plant was also non-significant at Degem in 2018. In this study phenotypic coefficient of variation, genotypic coefficient of variation, and broad-sense heritability also revealed medium to high values for most traits. Genetic gains expected from selecting the top 5% of the genotypes, as a percent of the mean varied from 0.49% to 145.83%. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean was observed for most of the traits, indicating an improvement in these traits through simple selection. Path coefficient analysis indicated, traits that had a positive direct effect and correlation with grain yield, could be used as a reliable indicator in indirect selection for higher grain yield.

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Water deficit is a critical factor obstructing the growth and survival of plant. Therefore, researchers have been trying to develop drought-resistant varieties. To find indicators of drought stress-tolerance of cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa), we analyzed the response of cypress seedlings from six provenances of Korea (Jeju, Suwon, Seoul, Seongnam, Yong-in, and Osan) to drought stress. Additionally, the genetic diversity of C. obtusa from the six provenances were determined using microsatellite markers. We confirmed that populations from Suwon and Seongnam were relatively separated from other populations through genetic distance and cluster analysis. We examined their physiologic and metabolic responses after drought treatment for five weeks. Almost all of the cypress seedlings showed a reduced shoot growth rate under drought treatment compared to controls. In addition, temperature of drought treated cypress seedling leaves was 1.2-2℃ higher than that of the controls. Almost all of the drought stress-treated cypress showed increased carbon metabolite contents and pigments. In particular, the cypress seedlings from Osan showed the highest increase in all of the measured metabolites. Therefore, it is suggested that the seedlings from Osan are susceptible to drought stress. Conversely, the seedlings from Jeju, Suwon, and Yong-in showed a lower sensitivity to drought treatment. These results indicate that the cypress trees from the six provenances have a different response to drought stress. In addition, it is confirmed that previously identified indicators of drought stress, especially those that measure total soluble sugar, carotenoid, and H₂O₂, can be used in the selection of drought resistance cypress. These findings may useful in studies concerned with the metabolic and physiological responses of young cypress to drought.

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One of approaches to maintain the yield stability of the lowland tropical wheat is the use of secondary traits in the selection process. The identification of these characters requires a statistical approach in the form of genetic parameter analysis and multivariate analysis. The
objective
of this study was to determine the secondary traits of adaptive wheat mutants in the lowlands through the use of genetic parameters and multivariate analysis on the parameters. The study consisted of three field trials conducted in three different regencies, namely Jeneponto (135 m above sea level (asl)), Maros (100 m asl) and Bantaeng (125 m asl). The study used a nested design, where replications were nested in the environments. The genotype factors consisted of 20 genotypes repeated three times. 11 characters were observed including vegetative and reproductive characters. The analysis used consisted of repeatability, correlation, cluster analysis, principal component analysis, factor analysis, and cross print analysis. The overall results of the analysis indicate that the number of productive tillers is the main secondary trait for the selection of adaptive wheat in the lowlands. The character can be recommended for selection criteria in testing wheat lines in the lowlands to make an effective selection.

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Knowledge of genetic resources is essential for breeders to create new crop varieties with improved characteristics. In this respect, mutant populations may conveniently provide a powerful tool for identifying new functional genes. Therefore, we used the Micro-Tom tomato variety, which has a reduced size and a relatively short life-cycle compared to other commercial tomato cultivars, to construct a mutant population using gamma-ray radiation as a mutagen. To determine the optimal mutagenic intensity of gamma rays for tomato, dry seeds of Micro-Tom were irradiated with gamma-ray intensities from 0 to 1000 gray (Gy) with increments of 100 Gy. The germination rate of mutagenized seeds (M₁ seeds) on MS media was not affected by the tested gamma-ray intensity range. However, seedling growth was severely reduced with increasing irradiation. Seedling growth rate at eight days after germination showed that the median gamma-ray doses for hypocotyl and root elongation were 600 and 300-400 Gy, respectively. The survival test for 300, 400, and 500 Gy-treated M₁ seeds showed that survival rates significantly decreased with increasing irradiation. The survival rate of 400 Gy-radiated seeds was 48%, while that of 500 Gy-radiated seeds was only 25%, compared with the control treatment. Therefore, we concluded that gamma-ray irradiation at 300-400 Gy is best for tomato mutagenesis. To find new mutants, M₂ seeds produced by M₁ plants were grown. We found several mutants, including plants with varying cotyledon number, variegated or red leaves, and green hypocotyls.

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Mutation is an effective strategy not only for creating novel variation into crop genome but also for direct releasing adapted and high-yielding genotypes. The current work explores inducing genetic variability in bread wheat using physical and chemical mutagens. Three wheat cultivars were treated by three mutagens; gamma irradiation (five doses; 250, 300, 350, 400 and 450 Gray); laser ray (three treatments; 1, 1.5, and 2 hour exposure) and EMS (three concentrations; 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4%). Besides, a combination of physical (laser) and chemical (EMS) mutagens using middle range of each treatment (1.5 hour laser and 0.3% EMS) was attempted to be applied. The treated seeds were sown in the first season and 4050 M₁ plants were harvested. The harvested seeds were sown in the second season, and 78750 M₂ plants were obtained. The selection was performed in second season (M₂) based on morpho-physiological and yield traits; flag leaf area, flag leaf chlorophyll content, plant height, spike length, grain yield per plant and its components. Based on evaluated traits fourteen mutants were selected to be evaluated in the third generation (M₃). The results indicated that the used mutagens had direct impact and significantly improved agronomic traits in derivative mutants compared to their parent cultivars. Moreover, the maximum increment in yield related traits were obtained by 0.4% EMS, 1 and 2 hour-laser, 350-Gy, 1.5 hour × 0.3% EMS and 250-Gy. The obtained results highlighted the importance of these doses of applied mutagens to induce useful genetic variability in bread wheat for improving grain yield and contributing traits.

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Bitter gourd is an important vegetable of the family Cucurbitaceae, cultivated mainly in humid and subtropical Asia. Bitter gourd is a vegetable with immense health benefits due to the presence of medicinal compounds such as charantin, vicine, and polypeptide-p, which play essential roles in lessening blood glucose levels. Moreover, bitter gourd fruits are particularly rich in vitamin C, minerals, and carotenes. Here, an effort has been made to critically evaluate the extent of achievements during the enhancement and enactment of bitter gourd breeding programs with the use of latest technologies. Broadening the genetic base of cultivated bitter gourd varieties as a result of enrichment of existing resources by using wild species in breeding programs. Practical seed production technological know-how along with the use of the MS system (male sterility)/chemical-induced sterility procedure is nonetheless vital to cope with market demands. Superior yielding bitter gourd hybrids combining early maturity and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses are regularly needed to cope with the challenge of bitter gourd production.

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The integration of advanced technologies into breeding programs in the 21st century can result in a powerful step change in crop productivity when aligned with components of genetic gain. Genetic gain depends upon four factors: accuracy, selection intensity, genetic variation, and time. It is a useful starting point, as it articulates the parameters breeders operate as part of the crop improvement process. This review article has compiled advanced breeding technologies such as phenomics, genotyping and se-quencing platforms, genome editing, and double haploid, which can be applied to each component of the genetic gain equation. In addition, it has explained the strategies, opportunities, and limitations in order to support breeders in making wise decisions in regard to the technologies and therefore increase efficiency with the breeding programs.

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Fonio, known to be the smallest and oldest form of millet grown in sub-Saharan Africa, has remained relatively poor of research despite its nutritional, sociocultural, agroecological, therapeutic and economic potentials. Based on systematic literature review, this critical study showed that fonio genetic breeding progress is at a low level. Genetic resources are threatened by erosion, particularly extra-early cultivars of Digitaria exilis, and mainly D. iburua species have practically disappeared in some cultivation countries including Benin. Varietal environment is characterized by lack of improved varieties and seeds, so that cultivars are ecotypes derived from natural selection often with low yields. Seeds, very tiny, are generally heterogenous, in polyvarietal mixtures because of unimproved systems and management by farmers. These ecotypes are susceptible to stem lodging and seed shattering. An exhaustive list of fonio genetic resources from West and Central Africa into catalog remains to be documented. There is a need for regional and international networking of fonio researchers with institutional support for harmonizing germplasm characterization methods, will facilitate descriptors development for all countries. It is necessary to consider in this work wild relative species that have potential genes of resistance/tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress. Starting from autogamy and apomixis revealed on fonio, homogenization program using pureline and mass selection of cultivars could enable rapid release of homogeneous and higher yielding materials to farmers and processors. Development of early and yielded varieties, with upright stem and coarse grains, resistant to lodging, shattering, and facilitating mechanical harvesting would enhance effective production revival.

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Spotted leaf mutants which produce necrotic lesions spontaneously are important sources to study programmed cell death in plant defense responses. A novel white-spotted leaf (wspl) mutant was induced from Ilpum, Korean japonica rice cultivar by the treatment of ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS). The phenotype of wspl mutant differed from that of other spotted leaf mutants in that not only brown spots but also white lesion mimic spots were observed on the tip of the leaves from the vegetative stage. Strong nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) and 3, 3ʹ-diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining were observed on the older leaf of wspl mutant in microscopic reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, and the chlorophyll content of wspl mutant maintained longer than wild-type in the old leaves. Genetic analysis revealed that the wspl mutant trait was controlled by a single recessive gene and the locus of wspl gene was mapped on the long arm of chromosome 5 between the flanking markers S05100 and S05112 (4.1 Mb). Through the combination of the genetic mapping and SNP analysis, two candidate genes for white-spotted leaf were identified in the genic region. A novel phenotype of white-spotted leaf mutant has not yet been reported, thus further study of the wspl mutant will contribute to understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in lesion mimic phenotype in rice.

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Field evaluation of 33 Bambara groundnut lines were carried out to estimate genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) result showed significant differences for 14 of the 17 agronomic traits studied. The results on the variance components revealed that phenotypic variance had values (vigour index 2.30, pod length 10.09, seed length 1.64) that were slightly higher than the respective genotypic variance (vigour index 1.68, pod length 9.88, seed length 0.26). Similarly, the values (number of branches 41.91, number of nodes 68.72, internode length 59.02) of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were slightly higher than the corresponding genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) (number of branches 40.11, number of nodes 66.98, internode length 57.31), suggesting a substantial genetic variability that can serve as a base for Bambara groundnut improvement. High estimates of heritability were observed for most characters like number of branches (95.70%), number of nodes (97.46%), internode length (97.10%), pod length (97.91%), and seed length (93.79%). Likewise, genetic advance values for most traits were high, pod length (201), number of nodes (200), internode length (200), number of branches (197) and seed yield (195), implying that improvement of seed yield in Bambara groundnut can be achieved through direct selection.

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• Combining ability and gene action in Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) genotypes for agronomic traits
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In salinity affected areas, variation in salinity level is the major cause of yield fluctuations in rice during the dry season (boro season). To sustain food security in Bangladesh, plant breeders need to develop new rice varieties which are higher yielding, salinity tolerant and stable across different environments. We evaluated the yield performance and stability of 51 rice elite genotypes including two salinity tolerant rice varieties (BRRI dhan67 and BINA dhan-10) and the dominant boro rice variety (BRRI dhan28) in three locations, including a salinity “hotspot”. Best linear unbiased predictions (BLUPs) were used to identify superior genotypes from multi-environment trials. Selection from a large set of candidates is required for evaluation and recommending a new variety for release. Estimated breeding values (EBVs) were used to select parents. Six parents with high EBVs (BR8982-5, IR 87870-6-1-1-1-1-B; BR8943-B-1-2-7, BR8940-B-17-4-7, A69-1 and BR8943-B-5-5-14) would be useful as parents to develop new breeding populations. To evaluate yield performance and stability across environments, we used additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model using a randomized complete block design with two replications. Genotype × environmental analysis was performed using GGE biplot analysis. Based on yield performance and stability, BR8982-5, IR 87870-6-1-1-1-1-B, BR8943-B-1-2-7, BR8940-B-17-4-7, A69-1 and BR8943-B-5-5-14 were promising across the tested environments, as they showed yield advantages over check varieties. The results in this study will be useful for selecting the elite lines suitable for salinity affected areas and parents for rapid breeding of salinity tolerance.

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Since traditional taxonomic studies possess intrinsic limitations with plant species identification, combinations of DNA barcodes have been considered a powerful tool to discover undetected genetic variation within species across large geographic areas, providing more precise estimates of biodiversity. However, the lack of efficient and universal markers is often considered a peculiar challenge in molecular taxonomic studies across plant taxa. Similarly, many loci have been proposed for DNA barcodes; still standardizing regions as a DNA barcode is vital for making them efficiently discriminate plant species. In this study, we tested the phylogenetic utility of nuclear (nrDNA) region (ITS2) with chloroplast (cpDNA) regions (matK, psbA-trnH, and rbcL) for efficient discrimination of Triticum species. A total of 109 accessions representing 16 recognized genotypes in the Triticum genus have been sampled to assess the efficiency of barcoding loci to resolve species discrimination. As expected from earlier studies, our results also revealed that a single locus has difficulty in discriminating Triticum species. Species discrimination in Triticum taxa was martially improved by using a combination of gene loci; however, the closely related species, T. aestivum and T. turgidum, had no DNA barcode to separate them. Thus, we recommend further research on finding species-specific SNP using intragenic regions as standard DNA barcode loci in Poaceae.

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High-throughput molecular markers with high genotyping accuracy will be helpful for genetic analysis, mapping of interesting genes, and rice breeding program. To develop high-throughput and cost-effective molecular markers for Korean japonica rice varieties, which are closely-related genetically, we designed kompetitive allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (KASP) assays from the sequence data of 13 Korean japonica rice varieties. Of the 504 new KASP assays, 371 (73.6%) showed polymorphisms among the tested varieties. In addition to the 400 previously developed KASP markers, this resulted in 771 KASP markers being applicable for Korean japonica rice varieties. These KASP markers were used to map the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for rice bakanae disease (BD) resistance. From the results of QTL mapping and determination of the mortality rate of BD in two F²:F³ populations, a major QTL, qFfR1-1, and a novel QTL, qFfR6, were revealed on chromosome 1 in the Junam/Nampyeong F²:F³ population and on chromosome 6 in the Saenuri/Nampyeong F²:F³ population, respectively. Further, the insertion/deletion markers in the qFfR1-1 region were developed to select BD-resistant japonica rice varieties. The 771 developed KASP markers will accelerate the molecular breeding in Korean japonica rice varieties, and the detected QTLs will be helpful in identifying candidate genes for BD resistance.

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• The Multiple Disease-resistant, Mid-late Maturing Rice Cultivar ‘Chamdongjin’, Carrying the Bacterial Blight Resistance Gene Xa21, with the Genetic Background of ‘Sindongjin’
  Hyun-Su Park, Man-Kee Baek, Woo-Jae Kim, Jung-Pil Suh, Jeom-Ho Lee, Ji-Ung Jeung, Choon-Song Kim, O-Young Jeong, Deok-Ryeol Lee, Chang-Min Lee, Jong-Min Jeong, Young-Jun Mo, Su-Kyung Ha, Dong-Kyu Lee, Hyeonso Ji, Jeonghwan Seo, Jae-Ryoung Park, Hyun-Sook
  Korean Journal of Breeding Science.2023; 55(1): 86.     CrossRef
• KASP mapping of QTLs for yield components using a RIL population in Basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.)
  Hamza Ashfaq, Reena Rani, Naila Perveen, Allah Ditta Babar, Umer Maqsood, Muhammad Asif, Katherine A. Steele, Muhammad Arif
  Euphytica.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Development and Application of a Target Capture Sequencing SNP-Genotyping Platform in Rice
  Chaewon Lee, Kyeong-Seong Cheon, Yunji Shin, Hyoja Oh, Young-Min Jeong, Hoon Jang, Yong-Chan Park, Kyung-Yun Kim, Hang-Chul Cho, Yong-Jae Won, Jeongho Baek, Young-Soon Cha, Song-Lim Kim, Kyung-Hwan Kim, Hyeonso Ji
  Genes.2022; 13(5): 794.     CrossRef
• Identification of Grain Size-Related QTLs in Korean japonica Rice Using Genome Resequencing and High-Throughput Image Analysis
  Yunji Shin, Yong Jae Won, Chaewon Lee, Kyeong-Seong Cheon, Hyoja Oh, Gang-Seob Lee, Jeongho Baek, In Sun Yoon, Song Lim Kim, Young-Soon Cha, Kyung-Hwan Kim, Hyeonso Ji
  Agriculture.2022; 12(1): 51.     CrossRef
• Characterization and QTL Mapping of a Major Field Resistance Locus for Bacterial Blight in Rice
  Jae-Ryoung Park, Chang-Min Lee, Hyeonso Ji, Man-Kee Baek, Jeonghwan Seo, O-Young Jeong, Hyun-Su Park
  Plants.2022; 11(11): 1404.     CrossRef
• Breeding of High Cooking and Eating Quality in Rice by Marker-Assisted Backcrossing (MABc) Using KASP Markers
  Me-Sun Kim, Ju-Young Yang, Ju-Kyung Yu, Yi Lee, Yong-Jin Park, Kwon-Kyoo Kang, Yong-Gu Cho
  Plants.2021; 10(4): 804.     CrossRef
• Recent Advances in Rice Varietal Development for Durable Resistance to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses through Marker-Assisted Gene Pyramiding
  Md Azadul Haque, Mohd Y. Rafii, Martini Mohammad Yusoff, Nusaibah Syd Ali, Oladosu Yusuff, Debi Rani Datta, Mohammad Anisuzzaman, Mohammad Ferdous Ikbal
  Sustainability.2021; 13(19): 10806.     CrossRef
• Genomic Variation in Korean japonica Rice Varieties
  Hyeonso Ji, Yunji Shin, Chaewon Lee, Hyoja Oh, In Sun Yoon, Jeongho Baek, Young-Soon Cha, Gang-Seob Lee, Song Lim Kim, Kyung-Hwan Kim
  Genes.2021; 12(11): 1749.     CrossRef
• Evaluation of the Rsistant to Bakanae Disease in Korean Rice Landraces (Oryza sativa L.)
  Soon-Wook Kwon, Na-Eun Kim, Sang-Hyeon Jin, Jeonghwan Seo, Tae-Ho Ham, Joohyun Lee
  Plant Breeding and Biotechnology.2021; 9(4): 355.     CrossRef
• QTL mapping for pre-harvest sprouting resistance in japonica rice varieties utilizing genome re-sequencing
  Kyeong-Seong Cheon, Yong Jae Won, Young-Min Jeong, Youn-Young Lee, Do-Yu Kang, Jun Oh, Hyoja Oh, Song Lim Kim, Nyunhee Kim, Eungyeong Lee, In Sun Yoon, Inchan Choi, Jeongho Baek, Kyung-Hwan Kim, Hyun-Su Park, Hyeonso Ji
  Molecular Genetics and Genomics.2020; 295(5): 1129.     CrossRef
• Transcriptome Analysis of Early Defenses in Rice against Fusarium fujikuroi
  An-Po Cheng, Szu-Yu Chen, Ming-Hsin Lai, Dong-Hong Wu, Shih-Shun Lin, Chieh-Yi Chen, Chia-Lin Chung
  Rice.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Marker integration and development of Fluidigm/KASP assays for high-throughput genotyping of radish
  Hee-Ju Yu, Young-Min Jeong, Young-Joon Lee, Bomi Yim, Ara Cho, Jeong-Hwan Mun
  Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology.2020; 61(4): 767.     CrossRef
• Development of 454 New Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) Markers for Temperate japonica Rice Varieties
  Kyeong-Seong Cheon, Young-Min Jeong, Hyoja Oh, Jun Oh, Do-Yu Kang, Nyunhee Kim, Eungyeong Lee, Jeongho Baek, Song Lim Kim, Inchan Choi, In Sun Yoon, Kyung-Hwan Kim, Yong Jae Won, Young-il Cho, Jung-Heon Han, Hyeonso Ji
  Plants.2020; 9(11): 1531.     CrossRef
• Multiple Disease Resistant Early Maturing Rice Cultivar ‘IS592BB’ with the Genetic Background of ‘Unkwang’
  Hyun-Su Park, Man-Kee Baek, Woo-Jae Kim, Chang-Min Lee, Hyeonso Ji, Jung-Pil Suh, O-Young Jeong, Young-Chan Cho, Jeom-Ho Lee
  Korean Journal of Breeding Science.2020; 52(4): 473.     CrossRef