Mungbean is one of the prominent pulse crops in Indonesia since the mungbean seeds are highly nutritious and has become an important part of the diet for the community. The black-seeded mungbean highly nutritious as it contains high anthocyanin content. We have developed a black-seeded mungbean lines that need to be evaluated for drought tolerance. Drought tolerance is important as mungbean is usually cultivated during the drought-prone dry season that leads to total loss. This study aimed to (1) determine the effectiveness of drought tolerance indices to select drought tolerance in black-seeded mungbean, (2) reveal the drought indices most suitable to select drought-tolerant, high- yielding black-seeded mungbean lines. This study was conducted during dry season in the Field Laboratory of Universitas Nusa Cendana. A Split-Plot design was employed, consisting of irrigation frequencies as the main plot and mungbean genotype as the sub- plot treatments. The main plot consisted of three levels, i.e. irrigation every day (I1), every four days (I2), and every seven days (I3), and the subplot consisted of 23 mungbean genotypes. Seed yields under non-stress and stress conditions were used to calculate the drought indices. The data were subjected to ANOVA, PCA and correlation analysis. There were significant variations in seed yields among genotypes under different drought indices. The indices MP, GMP, STI, HARM, MRP, SSI, YSI, MSTIK1, and MSTIK2 are suitable for selection of drought-tolerant, high-yielding mungbean lines. V9.HT, V10.HT, V11.HT, V16.HT, V18.HT, V19.HT, V20.HT, V22.HT were potential for further evaluation as promising drought tolerant, high yielding varieties.
This research attempted to validate novel molecular markers linked to high antioxidant traits using an F2 population and a local Thai rice population. We performed total flavonoid content, total phenolic content (TPC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays to assess the antioxidant capacities of rice populations. In the F2 (“Pathum Thani 1”דHawm Mali Daeng”) population, these traits exhibited a quantitative distribution with high heritability (82.7%–98.3%) and high genetic advance (66%–94%). In validation using 10 molecular markers,
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Hops are dioecious, with only female plants cultivated for resin production and primarily used in brewing. Therefore, early sex identification at the seedling stage is crucial for breeding and cultivation. Molecular marker-assisted selection facilitates rapid and reliable sex identification of hops. We developed molecular male markers by leveraging sequence information from male-specific regions in a designated public database. To assess the accuracy of sex identification using the newly generated markers, we performed PCR analysis on four cultivars of hops with known sexes. Seventy-eight percent of the tested PCR primers correlated with the male sex phenotype. Following optimization, four primer pairs were successfully converted into male-specific PCR markers.
The detection of the presence and expression of transgenes in genetically modified plants is a key step in the process of selecting promising lines. We adapted two methods developed for detecting tolerance to the herbicide imazapyr for selection of transgenic lines expressing the mutated acetohydroxyacid synthase enzyme (AHAS) from
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Rice Breeding in Bangladesh started with establishment of Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) in 1970. It aimed at developing modern rice cultivars to benefit farmers. Among BRRI developed varieties, BR11 is considered as most popular Transplanted Aman cultivar having high yield (6.0 t/ha), bold grain and high amylose content. On the other hand, BRRI dhan28 and BRRI dhan29 are most popular Boro rice varieties for Irrigated areas. Because, they produce high yield across diverse rice growing areas. BRRI dhan29 is widely grown in haors where rice is grown once in a year. BRRI dhan28 and BRRI dhan29 accounted for 50% of total Boro rice areas. As a whole, the popularity of the cultivars BR11, BRRI dhan28 and BRRI dhan29 influenced subsequent rice breeding trends and characteristics of new rice varieties. In this review, the pedigree information revealed that IR20 and IR5 acted as key foundation parents in developing the rice cultivar BR11 and BRRI dhan29. In contrast, same parental lineage of renowned IR64 contributed in developing BRRI dhan28. The breeding history, agronomic traits, grain quality and molecular characteristics of above cultivars have been discussed briefly. Thus, the background information generated from this review might help in developing breeding lines with higher genetic diversity, improved tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses to obtain higher genetic gain from a breeding program. Furthermore, basic studies on these varieties and their important progenies might help to disclose the complex genetic control of yield as well as other qualitative traits prioritized by farmers and consumers.
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The integration of advanced technologies into breeding programs in the 21st century can result in a powerful step change in crop productivity when aligned with components of genetic gain. Genetic gain depends upon four factors: accuracy, selection intensity, genetic variation, and time. It is a useful starting point, as it articulates the parameters breeders operate as part of the crop improvement process. This review article has compiled advanced breeding technologies such as phenomics, genotyping and se-quencing platforms, genome editing, and double haploid, which can be applied to each component of the genetic gain equation. In addition, it has explained the strategies, opportunities, and limitations in order to support breeders in making wise decisions in regard to the technologies and therefore increase efficiency with the breeding programs.
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Fonio, known to be the smallest and oldest form of millet grown in sub-Saharan Africa, has remained relatively poor of research despite its nutritional, sociocultural, agroecological, therapeutic and economic potentials. Based on systematic literature review, this critical study showed that fonio genetic breeding progress is at a low level. Genetic resources are threatened by erosion, particularly extra-early cultivars of
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Flooding often occurs during the vegetative stage in freshwater swamps and rainfed lowlands, and therefore submergence tolerant rice varieties are needed. This study was aimed at evaluating rice lines to submergence stress. The experiments were conducted at Indonesian Center for Rice Research (ICRR) experimental station in Sukamandi, Subang, West Java, each in different environmental conditions: (1) submergence condition, which was conducted in a submergence pool and (2) optimal condition, which was conducted in the irrigation field. Ninety-five lines and four check varieties, namely Inpari 30 Ciherang Sub1, IR42, Limboto, and IR20 were used. An augmented design with five blocks was followed in each environment. Three selection methods were used: (1) selection based on survival rate and vigor, (2) selection based on productivity under submergence and sensitivity index on productivity character, (3) selection based on the weighted selection index using sensitivity index variables of morphological and agronomic characters. The clustergram analysis with heatmaps method was used to compile of three previous selection methods to facilitate scientist in clarifying tolerant and sensitive lines. There were eighteen lines selected as tolerant to submergence stress, i.e., line no. 9, 15, 34, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 53, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 89, and 90. These lines are considered promising for breeding improved rice varieties tolerant to submergence.
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Developing elite hybrid rice varieties is one important
objective
of rice breeding programs. Several genes related to male sterilities, restores, and pollinators have been identified through map-based gene cloning within natural variations of rice. These identified genes are good targets for introducing genetic traits in molecular breeding. This study was conducted to breed elite hybrid lines with major genes related to hybrid traits and disease/insect resistance in 240 genetic resources and F1 hybrid combinations of rice. Molecular markers were reset for three major hybrid genes (
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Two consecutive cycles of selection were imposed on five F2 populations of bread wheat. The first cycle was a divergent selection for spike length conducted in favorable environment (optimal sowing date) and the response was measured under favorable and heat stress conditions of a late sowing date. Positive responses to selection for longer spikes were obtained under favorable (13.43%) heat stress (8.66%) conditions, whereas the responses for shorter spikes were 2.24 and 5.02% in the two environments, respectively. The realized heritability of spike length was greater under favorable conditions (0.25–0.56) than under heat stress (0.18–0.41). Concurrent positive responses to selection for longer spikes were obtained in grain yield per spike under favorable (25.35%) and heat stress (13.65%) environments. Selection for greater number of grains per spike imposed on F3 plants selected for spike length under heat stress resulted in significant responses (14.65%). Selection for greater number of grains per spike resulted in correlated responses in grain yield per spike (17.64%). The concurrent positive responses produced in spike length in F4 with selection for number of grains per spike (averaged 9.20%) was almost equal to that produced by the direct selection in F3 (8.66%), indicating that selection advance effected in F3 has been maintained in F4. High F4/F3 regression was obtained for spike length under heat stress (b = 0.85 ± 0.07), indicating high heritability. In conclusion, phenotypic selection for longer spikes under heat stress followed by a cycle of selection for number of grains per spike was capable of improving heat tolerance in wheat.
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Aggregate selection helps making selection decisions for improved profitability and permits to exploit information on correlated traits to improve accuracy. In the present study, the efficiency of trait selection was assessed by the Smith-Hazel (SHI) and the Pesek-Baker (PBI) models in 35 wheat genotypes under drought stress at heading and well-irrigated conditions at the Research Farm of Shiraz University, Iran in 2011 and 2012 years. The analysis of correlated response (CR) revealed that thousand grain weight (TGW) with CR = 24.05 (in 2011) and 9.15 (in 2012) and harvest index (HI) with CR = 18.37 (in 2011) and 9.08 (in 2012) had higher indirect effects on grain yield (GY) increase under drought stress. In both years, biological yield (BY), grain number/spike (GN), TGW, and GY had the highest genetic gain (
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Persimmon (
Abiotic and biotic stresses adversely affect rice (
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Advances in plant molecular techniques have dramatically widened the applicability of gene identification and pyramiding valuable genes. This study was carried out to pyramid five resistance genes for biotic stress into the
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A total of six markers RM3586 and RM160 on chromosome 3 and RM3735, RM3471, RM3687 and RM3536 on chromosome 4 were used to select promising lines in backcrossing populations for heat tolerance at flowering stage in rice. Fifty lines selected in BC3F2, BC4F1, and BC4F2 and parents were planted in 2013, and 2014 dry seasons at the CLRRI field under natural heat stress and greenhouse to evaluate heat tolerance at the reproductive period. Heat tolerance scoring under field condition was based on percentage of unfilled grains. All selected lines exhibited their homozygous alleles with two heat tolerance germplasm N22 or Dular in QTL loci. Twelve lines harboring homozygous alleles to QTL loci RM3586 on chromosome 3 and RM3735 on chromosome 4, respectively were selected and evaluated to agronomic traits and yield potential. Four lines BC4-1-10-1 from OM5930/N22//4 *OM5930, BC4-5-8 from OM5930/Dular//4*OM5930, BC4-5-9-4 from AS996/N22//4*AS996, and BC4-6-3 from AS996/Dular//4 *AS996, respectively were finally selected to would be for regional adaptable test in Central Coast of Vietnam under heat stress condition to release to rice farmers.
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Low temperature germinability (LTG) is an important trait for stand establishment in the direct-seeding method of rice cultivation. In temperate growing regions, water temperature during sowing season is frequently below 15°C resulting in poor crop establishment. The
objective
of this study was to select enhanced rice germplasm for low temperature germinability. Association of the phenotype for LTG with the genotype for
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Panicle blast is a serious disease in rice production in Korea. To develop rice cultivar resistant to panicle blast, the
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Cysteine protease is one of the well-studied proteolytic enzymes in plants. This class of protease has been implicated in various physiological aspects of developmental stages in plants including seed germination, senescence, and disease immunity. A handful of studies assign plants cysteine protease in different molecular battlefield under a few selected pathosystems, and initially extricate complex molecular mechanism of resistance. Interestingly, the same type of proteases released by pathogens have been demonstrated to play a crucial role in establishing disease infection in plants. Most of which target resistance proteins resulting either in an access to the hosts biochemical loot or cascades of signals for defense. As means of enabling and disabling host immunity, this class of protease is subject to diversifying selection, which is an intriguing outcome under natural host pathosystem. This paper summarizes the key roles of cysteine proteases in a few selected plant pathosystems.
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The
objective
s of the study were to investigate the genetic behavior of some biological and economical traits of 14 okra populations collected from Dakahlia Governorate, which underwent two cycles of inbreeding with selection. Selection of individual plants based on earliness, high number of pods, and minimum neck/pod ratio was carried out in all generations. The results showed that the means and ranges of all studied traits for all families became smaller in the S2 generation than those in the S0 generation. Highly significant variations were observed among populations for all the studied traits. The mean performance clearly indicated the agronomic superiority of some families over the others. Family 9 followed by family 12 showed the earliest flowering plants and the highest yield per plant. Phenotypic variances were higher than the corresponding genotypic variances indicating predominance of environmental effects on the expression of these characters. The magnitude of phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation varied from one trait to another. High broad-sense heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean were shown by the different traits, especially, plant height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, pod length, neck/pod ratio and plant yield. This implicates that these traits were under the control of additive genetic effects, and could be effectively improved through selection. Plant yield had positive and highly significant correlation at genotypic and phenotypic level with number of pods per plant, plant height and neck/pod ratio.
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