The detection of the presence and expression of transgenes in genetically modified plants is a key step in the process of selecting promising lines. We adapted two methods developed for detecting tolerance to the herbicide imazapyr for selection of transgenic lines expressing the mutated acetohydroxyacid synthase enzyme (AHAS) from Arabidopsis thaliana (Atahas gene). This was achieved using transgenic events from cotton, cowpea, soybean and common bean, which have previously been transformed to express the mutated Atahas gene. In the first method, a colorimetric assay was developed that detects acetoin, an intermediate in the biosynthetic pathway of branched chain amino acids, which is accumulated in the presence of cyclopropanedicarboxylic acid (CPCA), an inhibitor of ketoacid reductoisomerase (KARI). In the presence of the herbicide, it was possible to distinguish non-transgenic from transgenic plants. Qualitative analysis of acetoin formed during the AHAS inhibition allowed to indirectly determine the Atahas transgene expression. The second method measured the kinetics of chlorophyll fluorescence emission. Leaf discs pre-treated with imazapyr for 24 hours were evaluated using the modulated fluorimeter for maximum quantum efficiency of Photosystem II (PSII) (Fv/Fm) and relative electron transport rate (ETR). Results showed that almost all species analyzed presented a marked decrease in Fv/Fm after treatment with imazapyr. In addition, the ETR was significantly reduced in transgenic plants treated with the herbicide. Collectively, our results showed that it is possible to identify transgenic plants expressing Atahas gene and infer their levels of tolerance to imazapyr at a very early stage after transformation.

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• Improvement of Selection Efficiency of Haploid Maize Seeds Using Fluorescence Imaging
  Younguk Kim, Jeong Heon Han, Jaeyoung Kim, Yeongtae Kim, Nyunhee Kim, Chaewon Lee, Seoyeoun Lee, Song Lim Kim, Moon Jong Kim, Si Hwan Ryu, Hongro Lee, Hyeonso Ji, Kyung-Hwan Kim, Jeongho Baek
  Korean Journal of Breeding Science.2022; 54(4): 276.     CrossRef

AT-hook proteins of plant have shown to be involved in growth and development through the modification of chromatin architecture to co-regulate transcription of genes. Recently, many genes encoding AT-hook protein have been identified and their involvement in senescence delay is investigated. In this study, soybean transgenic plants overexpressing chromatin architecture-controlling ATPG7 gene was produced by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and investigated for the positive effect on the important agronomic traits mainly focusing on yield-related components. A total of 27 transgenic soybean plants were produced from about 400 explants. T₁ seeds were harvested from all transgenic plants. In the analysis of genomic DNAs from soybean transformants, ATPG7 and Bar fragments were amplified as expected, 975 bp and 408 bp in size, respectively. And also exact gene expression was confirmed by reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) from transgenic line #6, #7 and #8. In a field evaluation of yield components of ATPG7 transgenic plants (T₃), higher plant height, more of pod number and greater average total seed weight were observed with statistical significance. The results of this study indicate that the introduction of ATPG7 gene in soybean may have the positive effect on yield components.

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• Efficient Isolation and Gene Transfer of Protoplast in Korean Soybean (Glycine Max (L.) Merr.) Cultivars
  Chuloh Cho, Dool-Yi Kim, Man-Soo Choi, Mina Jin, Mi-Suk Seo
  Korean Journal of Breeding Science.2021; 53(3): 230.     CrossRef
• Increased Production of α-Linolenic Acid in Soybean Seeds by Overexpression of Lesquerella FAD3-1
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  Frontiers in Plant Science.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Overexpression of ATHG1/AHL23 and ATPG3/AHL20, Arabidopsis AT-hook motif nuclear-localized genes, confers salt tolerance in transgenic Zoysia japonica
  Ha-Na Jeong, Hyeon-Jin Sun, Zhi-Fang Zuo, Dong Hee Lee, Pill-Soon Song, Hong-Gyu Kang, Hyo-Yeon Lee
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• Overexpression of AtYUCCA6 in soybean crop results in reduced ROS production and increased drought tolerance
  Jin Sol Park, Hye Jeong Kim, Hyun Suk Cho, Ho Won Jung, Joon-Young Cha, Dae-Jin Yun, Seon-Woo Oh, Young-Soo Chung
  Plant Biotechnology Reports.2019; 13(2): 161.     CrossRef

This study aimed to establish a positive selection system for the genetic transformation of cauliflower using the phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) gene. PMI catalyzes the reversible interconversion of mannose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate. Thus, only plant cells transformed with the PMI gene can survive on synthetic medium containing mannose as a carbon source. Cotyledon explants from 6-day-old seedlings were infected with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 harboring binary vector pNWB-JMT containing the jasmonic acid carboxyl methyltransferase (JMT) gene with full codon modification. After co-cultivation with Agrobacterium, positive selection was conducted on MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/L of BAP, 1 mg/L of NAA, 0.6% (w/v) mannose, and 2% (w/v) sucrose. Over 40 putative transgenic plants were obtained in the repetitive transformation experiments. The overall transformation efficiency was 1.2% in the mannose-based selection. Polymerase chain reaction along with Southern and Northern blotting analyses were used to confirm and characterize the transgenic plants containing the integrated JMT gene. After soil acclimatization, transgenic plants were successfully grown to maturity in a greenhouse. T₁ seeds were successfully collected from these transgenic plants. This is the first successful report of cabbage transformation using a mannose-based selection system. Therefore, the positive selection system established in this study could be applied as an alternative tool for the rapid selection of elite lines for the purposes of breeding and reduction of antibiotic use in order to improve human health and environmental safety.

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• Development of an efficient transformation system in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) using the phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) gene as the selectable marker
  Kranthikumar Gande, Vasudha Marapaka, Phanikanth Jogam, Venkataiah Peddaboina
  Vegetos.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Biotechnological interventions of improvement in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.)
  Asma Jabeen, Javid Iqbal Mir, Geetika Malik, Salwee Yasmeen, Shabeer Ahmad Ganie, Rozy Rasool, Khalid Rehman Hakeem
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• Identification and Characterization of Two Putative Citrus Phosphomannose Isomerase (CsPMI) Genes as Selectable Markers for Mature Citrus Transformation
  Hao Wu, Michel Canton, Lamiaa M. Mahmoud, Katherine R. Weber, Gillian Z. Michalczyk, Manjul Dutt, Janice M. Zale
  Horticulturae.2022; 8(3): 204.     CrossRef
• Expression of cry1Aa gene in cabbage imparts resistance against diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella)
  Geetika Gambhir, Pankaj Kumar, Gaurav Aggarwal, D. K. Srivastava, Ajay Kumar Thakur
  Biologia Futura.2020; 71(1-2): 165.     CrossRef
• Tissue culture and genetic transformation of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata): an overview
  Aneta Gerszberg
  Planta.2018; 248(5): 1037.     CrossRef

DNA methylation is a common and rapid evolving epigeneticmechanism among higher eukaryotic organisms including cytosine residues in CG and CNG sequences. NtROS2a gene isolated from tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum cv Xanthi nc) contains DNA glycosylase domain with significant similarities to Arabidopsis ROS1 and DME at the C-terminus. Purified NtROS2a protein gene is 5879 bp long and is designated as Nicotiana tabacum Repressor Of Silencing (NtROS: accession numbers; AB281588). RT-PCR analysis initially revealed the adaptive response of the lines overexpressing the gene in tobacco to various abiotic stresses. This was validated when phenotypic evaluation to cold, salt, simulated drought and osmotic stress tolerance was performed. Reduction in leaf wilting rate against high salinity treatment is remarkable in transgenic plants which showed at least 50% less wilting than the WT. Moreover, about 70% wilt rate difference was noted between the transgenic and WT in H₂O₂ treatment. This study showed that NtROS2a gene encoding DNA glycosylase which caused demethylation could regulate adaptive response of tobacco to various abiotic stress conditions.

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• How Selenium Alleviates Salt Stress in Tobacco Seedlings: Regulation of Osmotic Adjustment Substances, Antioxidation and Gene Expression
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  Agronomy.2026; 16(12): 1184.     CrossRef
• Functional identification of DNA demethylase gene CaROS1 in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) involved in salt stress
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  Frontiers in Plant Science.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Drought induces DNA methylation balance‐related genes in a stage-dependent manner during tomato fruit ripening
  Paulo H. G. A. de Oliveira, Ana C. O. Barbosa, Nathiele S. Araújo, Marcio G. C. Costa
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• The pattern of DNA methylation alteration, and its association with the expression changes of non-coding RNAs and mRNAs in Moso bamboo under abiotic stress
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  Plant Science.2022; 325: 111451.     CrossRef
• Genome-Wide Characterization of DNA Demethylase Genes and Their Association with Salt Response in Pyrus
  Chunxiao Liu, Hui Li, Jing Lin, Ying Wang, Xiaoyang Xu, Zong-Ming (Max) Cheng, Yonghong Chang
  Genes.2018; 9(8): 398.     CrossRef
• Current status and prospects of epigenetic information in sexual reproductive processes of plants
  Yu Jin Jung, Yong-Gu Cho, Kwon Kyoo Kang
  Journal of Plant Biotechnology.2017; 44(1): 19.     CrossRef
• Overexpression ofNtROS2agene encoding cytosine DNA demethylation enhances drought tolerance in transgenic rice
  Jang Sun Choi, In Hye Lee, Yong-Gu Cho, Yu Jin Jung, Kwon Kyoo Kang
  Journal of Plant Biotechnology.2016; 43(3): 376.     CrossRef
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A tissue-specific and developmentally expressed gene was isolated from Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis), designated BrREF (B. rapa Rubber elongation factor). BrREF transcripts were expressed at high levels in seedlings and at low levels in flower buds and roots. To study the activity of this promoter, the 2.2 kb upstream sequence of BrREF gene was fused to a β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene and was introduced into Arabidopsis thaliana and B. napus by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Strong expression of GUS driven by the BrREF promoter was detected in the cotyledons and hypocotyls of transgenic plant seedlings, but GUS expression was weak in roots, excluding the root tips. GUS expression in the cotyledons and hypocotyls decreased dramatically as the seedlings matured and was not detected in the tissues of mature plants. During floral development, GUS expression was observed in immature anthers. These findings suggest that the BrREF promoter can modulate the tissue-specific and developmental expression of gene at the early stages of growth and development.

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  Eun Jung Suh, So Youn Won, Seong-Kon Lee, Sang Ryeol Park
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C3HC4-type RING zinc finger proteins are known to be essential in the regulation of plant processes, including responses to abiotic stress. In order to explore the potential of the BrRZFP1 gene to enhance tolerance toward multiple stresses in different host plant genomes, we generated transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Goldenbell) plants. The tomato plants overexpressing BrRZFP1 acquired a higher tolerance to drought stress. However, the transgenic plants did not appear to be more cold tolerant than the WT, in any tested condition. The data obtained indicate that the specificity and the degree of BrRZFP1 activity depend on the host genomic background. In physiological assessment of salt stress tolerance, transgenic plants showed more dry matter accumulation and maintained significantly higher levels of leaf chlorophyll content along with increasing levels of salt stress than the wild type plants. This study shows that BrRZFP1 is a candidate gene in the engineering of crops for enhanced drought and salt stress tolerance.

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• De Novo Assembly and Transcriptome Analysis of Bulb Onion (Allium cepa L.) during Cold Acclimation Using Contrasting Genotypes
  Jeongsukhyeon Han, Senthil Kumar Thamilarasan, Sathishkumar Natarajan, Jong-In Park, Mi-Young Chung, Ill-Sup Nou, Xiang Jia Min
  PLOS ONE.2016; 11(9): e0161987.     CrossRef

Soft rot disease caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc), is one of the most devastating diseases affecting the cruciferous plants industry worldwide. In our previous study, the soft rot-resistant transgenic Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L.) plants were produced via constitutively overexpressing a human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (hCAP18/LL-37). To unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying Pcc resistance of the transgenic plants, this study compares the global transcriptional profile of untransformed line (WT) and the transgenic lines (TG23, TG34) through hybridization with KBGP-24K, Chinese cabbage GeneChip. In total, 1,415 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, 910 of which were up-regulated, while 505 were down-regulated. The DEGs were classified into 31 categories after Gene ontology (GO) annotation, in which 68 genes are in response to stimulus and are involved in immune system process, 12 genes are related to cell wall, and 13 genes belong to transcription factors. These genes and those related to toxin and terpenoid metabolism, glutathione metabolism, biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids, and plant hormones were hypothesized to play major roles in the soft rot resistance of transgenic lines (TG23, TG34). Semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that the transcript levels of several candidate genes in TG23 and TG34 were significantly higher than in WT both before and after Pcc inoculation, indicating their potential association with soft rot disease.

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• Enhanced resistance to bacterial pathogen in transgenic tomato plants expressing cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide
  Yu-Jin Jung
  Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering.2013; 18(3): 615.     CrossRef

In this study, we isolated cDNA with open reading frame encoding putative methyl-binding domain proteins from red pepper, which was designated as CaMBD1 (HQ171162). BLASTX search and phylogenetic analysis suggested that the CaMBD1 gene belonged to AtMBD10 group (subclass I) of MBD family. The expression profile of the CaMBD1 was studied via Q-RT-PCR and the results indicated that the CaMBD1 were differentially expressed in detected red pepper tissues. It was interesting to note that CaMBD1 was highly expressed in dry seeds and endosperms. Moreover, the differential expression pattern of CaMBD1 was observed in leaves and roots under water-stress. Also a GFP-CaMDB1 fusion construct introduced into the onion epidermal cells confirmed localization of CaMBD1 into the nuclei. To investigate the biological significance of CaMBD1 proteins, we transformed Arabidopsis using CaMBD1 gene. The resulting 35S::CaMBD1 plants showed a variety of phenotypic effects including aerial rosettes, serrated leaves, abnormal position of flowers, fertility problems and late flowering. Arabidopsis lines involved in chromatin remodeling show similar phenotypes. Our results suggest an important role of CaMBD1 biological in plant growth and development.

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  BMC Genomics.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef

The latest report on the draft genome of Brassica rapa sequence has been published. To elucidate the functions of these genes and to efficiently search for agriculturally useful genes, a Full-length cDNA Over-eXpressor (FOX) gene hunting system was used. The FOX library from Chinese cabbage was introduced into rice via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Approximately 1,150 FOX-rice lines were generated. Genomic PCR analysis indicated that the average length of FL-cDNAs introduced into individual lines was 900~1,200 bp. Basic Local Alignment System Tool (BLAST) analysis of the FL-cDNA genes revealed that 35.5% have unknown function. Most of the randomly selected transgenic rice lines showed overexpression (92%) of these genes relative to the wild-type Gopum. Moreover, 94% of the 850 transgenic rice lines were moderately tolerant (slightly yellow) to cold and 9 lines were tolerant (seedlings were light green). Morphological evaluation of the transgenic rice lines showed minimal phenotypic alteration (12%). Approximately 25.1% and 22% of the plants were significantly ahead in the days to heading and had elevated chlorophyll content, respectively. Other agronomic traits such as filled grains, number of tiller, panicle length, and culm and plant height were relatively less variable among the transgenic lines. These results provide a resource for defining genes that are associated with tolerance in transgenic rice lines.

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• A systematic review of the Uridine diphosphate-Galactose/Glucose-4-epimerase (UGE) in plants
  Jiaming Hou, Shaokai Tian, Lin Yang, Zhixin Zhang, Ying Liu
  Plant Growth Regulation.2021; 93(3): 267.     CrossRef
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  Me-Sun Kim, Yeisoo Yu, Kwon-Kyoo Kang, Yong-Gu Cho
  Journal of Plant Biotechnology.2018; 45(1): 17.     CrossRef
• SP-LL-37, human antimicrobial peptide, enhances disease resistance in transgenic rice
  In Hye Lee, Yu-Jin Jung, Yong Gu Cho, Ill Sup Nou, Md. Amdadul Huq, Franz Marielle Nogoy, Kwon-Kyoo Kang, Zonghua Wang
  PLOS ONE.2017; 12(3): e0172936.     CrossRef
• Brassica rapaSec14-like protein geneBrPATL4determines the genetic architecture of seed size and shape
  Joonki Kim, Hye-Jung Lee, Franz Marielle Nogoy, Dal-A Yu, Me-Sun Kim, Kwon-Kyoo Kang, Illsup Nou, Yong-Gu Cho
  Journal of Plant Biotechnology.2016; 43(3): 332.     CrossRef
• Overexpression of BrCIPK1 Gene Enhances Abiotic Stress Tolerance by Increasing Proline Biosynthesis in Rice
  Sailila E. Abdula, Hye-Jung Lee, Hojin Ryu, Kwon Kyoo Kang, Illsup Nou, Mark E. Sorrells, Yong-Gu Cho
  Plant Molecular Biology Reporter.2016; 34(2): 501.     CrossRef
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  Plant Biotechnology Reports.2015; 9(6): 339.     CrossRef