Several environmental and genetic factors affect the isoflavone and anthocyanin contents in soybeans. This study aimed to assess the influences of cotyledon color and harvest period on the contents of five major isoflavones and three major anthocyanins in 323 black soybean landraces grown in Korea. In all the soybeans, malonylgenistin, malonyldaidzin and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside were the foremost components. The total isoflavone (TIC) and total anthocyanin (TAC) contents were in the ranges of 491.29-1998.39 µg/g and 452.60-2789.37 mg/100 g on dry weight basis, respectively. Both the average TIC and TAC were higher in green cotyledon soybeans (1493.93 µg/g and 1656.05 mg/100 g, respectively) than in yellow cotyledon soybeans (1423.09 µg/g and 1489.30 mg/100 g, respectively). With respect to the harvest period, the average TIC was in the order of Late-October (1517.31 µg/g) > Mid-October (1454.54 µg/g) > Early-October (1340.95 mg/g). Moreover, the average TAC decreased in the order of Late-October (1765.76 mg/100 g) > Mid-October (1503.93 mg/100 g) > Early-October (1350.91 mg/100 g). In general, cotyledon color appeared to cause a significant variation on TAC (P < 0.05) but not on TIC, whereas the harvest period appeared to cause significant variations on both the TAC and TIC. Among the 323 landraces, 20 were identified to contain high TIC (> 1800 mg/g) and TAC (> 2000 mg/100 g) in their seeds and hence, could be considered as important sources of dietary isoflavones and anthocyanins. Besides, they possibly provide a wide spectrum of options if considered during the development of improved soybean genotypes.

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Since traditional taxonomic studies possess intrinsic limitations with plant species identification, combinations of DNA barcodes have been considered a powerful tool to discover undetected genetic variation within species across large geographic areas, providing more precise estimates of biodiversity. However, the lack of efficient and universal markers is often considered a peculiar challenge in molecular taxonomic studies across plant taxa. Similarly, many loci have been proposed for DNA barcodes; still standardizing regions as a DNA barcode is vital for making them efficiently discriminate plant species. In this study, we tested the phylogenetic utility of nuclear (nrDNA) region (ITS2) with chloroplast (cpDNA) regions (matK, psbA-trnH, and rbcL) for efficient discrimination of Triticum species. A total of 109 accessions representing 16 recognized genotypes in the Triticum genus have been sampled to assess the efficiency of barcoding loci to resolve species discrimination. As expected from earlier studies, our results also revealed that a single locus has difficulty in discriminating Triticum species. Species discrimination in Triticum taxa was martially improved by using a combination of gene loci; however, the closely related species, T. aestivum and T. turgidum, had no DNA barcode to separate them. Thus, we recommend further research on finding species-specific SNP using intragenic regions as standard DNA barcode loci in Poaceae.

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Capsicum chinense is one of the five domesticated pepper species belonging to the Solanaceae family. Capsicum sp. have been used as model systems in comparative and evolutionary genomics because their superior availability of chloroplast genome in the solanaceae family. Similarly, molecular markers derived from the complete chloroplast genome can provide effective tools for species identification and phylogenetic resolution. So far however, only partial taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses have been carried out for the genus. Thus, the complete chloroplast genome sequence of a cultivated pepper (C. chinense) has been reported here. The total length of the chloroplast genome is 156,936 bp, with 37.7% overall GC content. A pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 25,847 bp was separated by a small single copy (SSC) region of 17,912 bp and a large single copy (LSC) region of 87,330 bp. The chloroplast genome harbors 113 known genes, including 79 protein-coding genes, four ribosomal RNA genes, and 30 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes. In all, 21 of these genes are duplicated in the inverted repeat regions, 15 genes and six tRNA genes contain a single intron, while two genes have two introns. Analysis revealed 117 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci, which are mostly located in the intergenic regions. The complete chloroplast genome reported here enriches our knowledge of the genetic complement of C. chinense, and contributes to our understanding of the genetic relationships within the genus Capsicum.

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Production of spring wheat, the major crop in Mongolia, accounts for 98% of the cultivated area. Understanding genetic variability in existing gene bank accessions is critical for collection, conservation and use of wheat germplasms. To determine genetic diversity and population structure among a representative collection of Mongolian local wheat cultivars and lines, 200 wheat accessions were analyzed with 15 SSR markers distributed throughout the wheat genome. A total of 85 alleles were detected, with three to five alleles per locus and a mean genetic richness of 5.66. Average genetic diversity index was 0.69, with values ranging from 0.37–0.80. The 200 Mongolian wheat accessions were mainly divided into two subgroups based on structure and phylogenetic analyses, and some phenotypes were divergent by the subgroups. Results from this study will provide valuable information for conservation and sustainable use of Mongolian wheat genetic resources.

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Finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn.) is an important cereal crop in eastern Africa and southern India with excellent grain storage capacity and the unique ability to thrive in extreme environmental conditions. In this study, we analyzed the genetic diversity and population structure of finger millet using 12 developed microsatellites. By sequencing 815 clones from an SSR-enriched genomic DNA library, we obtained 12 polymorphic SSR markers, which also revealed successful amplicons in finger millet accessions. Using the developed SSR markers, we estimated genetic diversity and population structure among 76 finger millet accessions in Asia, Africa, and unknown origins. The number of alleles ranged from 2 to 9, with an average of 3.3 alleles. The mean values of observed heterozygosity and expected heterozygosity were 0.27 and 0.35, respectively. The average polymorphism information content was 0.301 in all 76 finger millet accessions. AMOVA analysis showed that the percentage of molecular variance among the populations was 1%, that among individuals was 5%, and that within individuals was 94%. In STRUCTURE analysis, the 76 finger millet accessions were divided into two subpopulations which had an admixture of alleles. There was a correspondence among PCoA, AMOVA, and population structure. This study may form the basis for a finger millet breeding and improvement program.

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• Integrating path analysis and molecular markers to understand genetic diversity in finger millet, Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.
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Sixty-nine Rubus accessions were analyzed to determine the genetic relationships using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Twenty-three SSR markers generated a total of 351 alleles from all accessions, with an average of 15.3 alleles per locus. The average value of polymorphism information content was 0.76, ranging from 0.52 to 0.91. As a result of population structure analysis, 69 Rubus accessions of six Rubus species were subdivided into six subpopulations. Four subpopulations included distinct Rubus species accessions; pop2 (Rubus crataegifolius var. subcuneatus, 2 accessions), pop3 (R. crataegifolius Bunge., 18 accessions), pop4 (R. fruticosus L., 3 accessions) and pop6 (R. coreanus Miq., 36 accessions) while The pop1 and pop5 mainly included R. idaeus L. and R. parvifolius L., respectively. In cluster analysis, 69 Rubus accessions were divided into three groups. Group I contained 35 Rubus accessions, which consisted of six Rubus species. Groups II and III had 30 and 4 Rubus accessions, respectively. They consisted of only R. coreanus. The uncertain diversity of species and artificial groups of the Rubus genus has created confusion with respect to the correct classification of the species at both commercial and scientific levels. The results of the present study will provide basic information for phylogeny, taxonomy and breeding programs of Rubus species.

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• Genetic diversity and population structure of some blackberry genotypes collected from different parts of Türkiye using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers
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Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most economically important plants in the family Solanaceae. Understanding its genetic diversity of accessions is vital for additional collection of tomato germplasms. The
objective
of this study was to determine the genetic diversity and population structure of 355 tomato accessions from Asia using 18 simple-sequence repeats (SSRs). A total of 176 alleles were detected at an average of ten alleles per SSR locus. The average major allele frequency and polymorphic information content were 0.69 and 0.39, respectively. Model-based structure analysis revealed two subpopulations (88%), including admixtures (11%) in the 355 Asian tomato accessions, consistent with clustering results based on genetic distance. The overall F_ST value was 0.135, indicating a moderate differentiation between the inferred subpopulations. Analysis of molecular variance showed that the genetic variance among geographical groups was less than 6%, in contrast to 86% of genetic variance among individuals. The results from this study will provide important information for future germplasm conservation and improvement programs for tomato.

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• Next generation sequencing technologies to explore the diversity of germplasm resources: Achievements and trends in tomato
  Pasquale Tripodi
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