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Research Article

Phenotypic Stability Analysis of Yield Components in Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Using Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) and GGE Biplot Analyses

Olawale M. Aliyu1,2,*, Oluwatosin O. Adeigbe3, Oluwafemi O. Lawal1
Plant Breeding and Biotechnology 2014;2(4):354-369.
Published online: December 31, 2014

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*Corresponding author: Olawale M. Aliyu, walealiyu@mail.com, Cellular Phone: +23-48039548344, Phone: +23-48039548344
• Received: November 10, 2014   • Revised: December 1, 2014   • Accepted: December 16, 2014

Copyright © 2014 The Korean Society of Breeding Science

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Phenotypic Stability Analysis of Yield Components in Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Using Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) and GGE Biplot Analyses
Plant Breed. Biotech.. 2014;2(4):354-369.   Published online December 31, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/PBB.2014.2.4.354
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Phenotypic Stability Analysis of Yield Components in Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Using Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) and GGE Biplot Analyses
Plant Breed. Biotech.. 2014;2(4):354-369.   Published online December 31, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/PBB.2014.2.4.354
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Phenotypic Stability Analysis of Yield Components in Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Using Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) and GGE Biplot Analyses
Image Image Image Image
Fig. 1 A Nigerian vegetation map showing the ecological description of the 3 experimental locations (environments) used for this cashew GxE study.
Fig. 2 GGE biplots of cashew genotypes showing mean vs. stability for (a) days to flowering, (b) hermaphrodite flowers, (c) nuts per panicle, (d) nuts per tree, (e) total nut yield (kg) per tree, (f) nut weight, (g) pollination efficiency, (h) panicles per tree, and (i) fruiting efficiency.
Fig. 3 GGE biplots of cashew genotypes showing relationships between environments (locations) and genotypes for (a) days to flowering, (b) hermaphrodite flowers, (c) nuts per panicle, (d) nuts per tree, (e) total nut yield (kg) per tree, (f) nut weight, (g) pollination efficiency, (h) panicles per tree, and (i) fruiting efficiency.
Fig. 4 GGE biplots of cashew genotypes showing “Which-won-where” for (a) days to flowering, (b) hermaphrodite flowers, (c) nuts per panicle, (d) nuts per tree, (e) total nut yield (kg) per tree, (f) nut weight, (g) pollination efficiency, (h) panicles per tree, and (i) fruiting efficiency.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Phenotypic Stability Analysis of Yield Components in Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Using Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) and GGE Biplot Analyses

Mean square values and descriptive statistics (ANOVA) showing variability of nine yield component characters.

Source of variance Degree of freedom Days to flowering Hermaphrodite flowers per panicle Nuts per panicle Nuts per tree Nut yield per tree (kg)
Replication 2 124.99 12.75 2.68 55074.00 3.32
Genotype 6 2144.76** 996.29** 137.26** 14386523.00** 811.63**
Error 12 54.76 8.58 0.76 94098.00 5.65
Environment 2 14026.81** 1012.78** 30.19** 7580853.00** 197.97**
Genotype x Environment 12 1392.87** 165.13** 26.21** 5392818.00** 187.18**
Error 28 34.80 15.34 1.01 140169.00 5.12
Year 2 1179.62** 821.94** 44.48** 1840079.00** 157.85**
Genotype x Year 12 294.11** 37.66** 5.13** 761719.00** 28.01**
Environment x Year 4 407.72** 35.56* 5.78** 169478.00ns 4.96ns
Environment x Year x Genotype 24 190.58** 50.15** 2.47** 357096.00** 14.43**
Error 84 52.05 11.31 0.95 85450.00 4.16
Range 24.00 (9)–132.00 (2) 6.42–47.92 2.00–14.45 366.00–5600.00 1.45–34.64
Mean 68.05 (6) 19.98 5.98 2164.00 13.42
Standard Deviation 20.10 (1.37) 8.91 2.87 1033.00 6.96
Coefficient of variation (%) 22.70 44.62 48.08 48.00 51.85
Source of variance Degree of freedom Nut weight (g) Pollination Efficiency (%) Productive Panicles per Tree Tree Fruiting Efficiency (%)
Replication 2 0.18 78.13 4987.00 31.04
Genotype 6 74.01** 687.30** 85897.00** 7862.58**
Error 12 0.10 58.69 10715.00 26.72
Environment 2 1.80** 1815.15** 97341.00** 564.54**
Genotype x Environment 12 1.56** 223.36** 132047.00** 807.73**
Error 28 0.20 41.89 13478.00 75.37
Year 2 3.82** 384.38** 220526.00** 5863.02**
Genotype x Year 12 0.53** 197.39** 41393.00** 475.25**
Environment x Year 4 0.13ns 350.43** 20561.00* 253.63**
Environment x Year x Genotype 24 0.20ns 216.91** 15094.00** 125.26**
Error 84 0.21 47.71 5958.00 50.03
Range 3.25 – 9.85 9.95 – 71.89 157.00 – 1045.00 3.64 – 91.04
Mean 6.19 31.30 391.60 36.33
Standard Deviation 1.65 11.81 158.00 21.41
Coefficient of variation (%) 26.60 37.73 40.00 58.93

*, ** and ns mean significant at P<0.05, 0.01 and not significant, respectively. Transformed quantitative state of days to flowering in parentheses.

Correlation analysis of nine yield component characters.

Days to flowering Hermaphrodite flower per panicle Nuts per panicle Nuts per tree Total nut yield (kg) Nut wieght (g) Pollination Efficiency (%) Productive panicles per tree Fruiting efficiency (%)
Days to flowering 1.00
Hermaphrodite flower per panicle −0.13* 1.00
Nuts per panicle 0.02ns 0.67** 1.00
Nuts per tree −0.01ns 0.64** 0.72** 1.00
Total nut yield (kg) −0.01ns 0.58** 0.54** 0.84** 1.00
Nut wieght (g) −0.09ns 0.12* −0.03ns 0.03ns 0.50** 1.00
Pollination Efficiency (%) 0.18** −0.43** 0.28** 0.03ns −0.07ns −0.14* 1.00
Productive panicles per tree −0.13* 0.04ns −0.22** 0.35** 0.45** 0.18* −0.25** 1.00
Fruiting efficiency (%) −0.03ns 0.34** 0.57** 0.38** 0.53** 0.49** 0.24** −0.28** 1.00

*r(187) = .12, p<0.05;

**r(187) = .18, p<0.01;

ns = not significant

GxE (Explained %) from AMMI analysis for nine (9) yield component characters of cashew.

Days to flowering Hermaphrodite flowers Nuts per panicle Nuts per tree
Source of variation DF SS MS % E. SS MS % E. SS MS % E. SS MS % E.
Total 188 75984 404 14933 79.40 1553.7 8.26 200605571 1067051
Treatments 20 57637 2882** 75.85 9985 499.20** 66.86 1198.4 59.92** 77.13 166194662 8309733** 82.85
Genotypes 6 12869 2145** 16.94 5978 996.30** 40.03 823.6 137.26** 53.01 86319193 14386523** 40.03
Environments 2 28054 14027** 36.92 2026 1012.80* 13.57 60.40 30.19** 3.89 15161707 7580853** 7.56
Block 6 379 63ns 0.50 109 18.10ns 0.73 14.40 2.40ns 0.93 610100 10183 ns 0.30
Interaction 12 16714 1393** 22.00 1982 165.10** 13.27 314.5 26.21** 20.24 64713817 5392818** 32.26
IPCA 1 7 15405 2201** 20.27 1937 276.70** 12.97 262.3 37.47** 16.88 62263046 8894721** 31.04
IPCA 2 5 1309 262ns 1.02 45 8.90ns 0.30 52.2 10.43* 3.36 2450771 490154** 1.22
Error 162 17969 111 4840 29.90 340.8 2.10 33800809 208647
Nut yield per tree (kg) Nut weight (g) Pollination Efficiency (%) Productive panicles per tree Tree Fruiting Efficiency (%)
SS MS % E. SS MS % E. SS MS % E. SS MS % E. SS MS % E.
9097 48.4 510.2 2.17 26220 139:5 4693285 24964 86142 458
7512 375.6** 82.58 466.4 23.32** 91.42 10434 521.7** 39.79 2294629 114731** 48.89 57997 2900** 67.33
4870 811.6** 53.53 444.1 74.01** 87.04 4124 687.3** 15.73 515384 85897** 10.98 47175 7863** 54.76
396 198.0** 4.35 3.6 1.8** 0.71 3630 1815.2** 13.84 194682 97341** 4.14 1129 565* 1.31
19 3.2ns 0.21 1.0 0.17ns 0.20 313 52.2ns 1.19 93151 15525ns 1.98 750 125ns 0.87
2246 187.20** 24.69 18.7 1.56** 3.67 2680 223.4* 10.22 1584563 132047** 33.76 9693 808* 11.25
2171 310.1** 23.87 17.7 2.52** 3.47 2390 341.5* 9.12 1278233 182605** 27.24 6651 950** 7.72
76 15.1ns 0.84 1.0 0.20ns 0.20 290 58.0ns 1.11 306329 61266** 6.53 3042 608* 3.53
1566 9.7 42.9 0.26 15473 95.5 2305505 14232 27395 169

DF: Degree of freedom; SS: Sum of squares; MS: Mean square, %E: Explained % of sum of square.

Ranking of genotypes in each environment by AMMI analysis.

Environment Rank Days to flowering Hermaphrodite flowers per panicle Nuts per panicle Nu Nuts per tree Nut yield per tree (kg)
Genotype Mean Genotype Mean Genotype Mean Genotype Mean Genotype Mean
Ibadan 1st ER_93 36.33 IW_222 23.69 IW_222 8.63 IW_222 3295.83 IW_222 22.39
2nd IW_31 50.11 KT_26 20.31 OG_60 5.69 IW_31 2110.56 IW_31 14.85
3rd IW_88 52.11 MD_261 16.77 KT_26 5.49 MD_261 1608.33 KT_26 12.39
4th KT_26 52.78 OG_60 14.83 MD_261 5.11 KT_26 1406.11 OG_60 8.69
5th IW_222 52.89 IW_31 12.98 IW_31 4.91 OG_60 1382.78 MD_261 6.71
6th OG_60 59.56 ER_93 10.41 ER_93 3.33 ER_93 1180.67 IW_88 6.21
7th MD_261 66.78 IW_88 8.82 IW_88 3.1 IW_88 907.78 ER_93 5.17
Mean 51.95 15.40 5.18 1698.87 10.92
Ochaja 1st MD_261 53.56 KT_26 49.81 MD_261 12.47 MD_261 4612.56 KT_26 27.2
2nd KT_26 66.11 MD_261 45.62 KT_26 8.73 KT_26 3259.56 MD_261 17.78
3rd ER_93 68.56 IW_222 31.41 IW_222 7.92 IW_222 2576.33 IW_222 15.03
4th IW_31 82.33 OG_60 22.54 OG_60 6.19 OG_60 2475 OG_60 14.61
5th IW_222 95.33 IW_31 16.94 IW_31 4.4 IW_88 1744.72 IW_88 12.98
6th OG_60 100.86 IW_88 14.79 IW_88 2.4 IW_31 1592.67 IW_31 10.56
7th IW_88 110.89 ER_93 13.94 ER_93 2.29 ER_93 577.56 ER_93 2.39
Mean 83.45 27.86 6.34 2405.49 14.36
Uhonmora 1st ER_93 39.35 IW_222 23.79 IW_222 8.46 IW_222 3075.5 IW_222 20.65
2nd IW_222 52.45 KT_26 20.47 MD_261 8.26 MD_261 1901.67 KT_26 16.44
3rd IW_88 60.40 MD_261 18.93 KT_26 6.5 KT_26 1832.78 IW_31 12.92
4th KT_26 61.55 OG_60 13.98 IW_31 6.48 IW_31 1867.78 OG_60 8.35
5th IW_31 64.22 IW_31 13.44 OG_60 6.2 OG_60 1272.72 MD_261 7.75
6th MD_261 68.00 ER_93 9.89 ER_93 4.32 ER_93 1202.89 IW_88 6.51
7th OG_60 71.05 IW_88 9.06 IW_88 4.14 IW_88 1075.56 ER_93 5.06
Mean 58.02 15.65 6.34 1746.99 11.10
Environment Rank Nut weight (g) Pollination efficiency (%) Productive panicles per tree Fruiting efficiency (%)
Genotype Mean Genotype Mean Genotype Mean Genotype Mean
Ibadan 1st KT_26 8.84 OG_60 39.18 IW_222 546.25 IW_222 54.31
2nd IW_31 7.03 IW_31 37.66 IW_31 433.27 KT_26 48.33
3rd IW_88 6.79 IW_222 37.35 ER_93 374.58 IW_31 40.37
4th IW_222 6.76 IW_88 36.19 MD_261 320.28 OG_60 34.07
5th OG_60 6.41 MD_261 31.83 IW_88 316.2 IW_88 24.8
6th ER_93 4.4 ER_93 31.6 OG_60 274.11 MD_261 13.94
7th MD_261 4.15 KT_26 27.24 KT_26 264.75 ER_93 13.2
Mean 6.34 34.44 361.35 32.72
Ochaja 1st KT_26 8.36 IW_222 31.48 IW_222 497.98 KT_26 60.42
2nd IW_88 7.43 IW_31 28.3 KT_26 438.54 OG_60 47.03
3rd IW_31 6.6 OG_60 28.15 OG_60 423.58 IW_222 45.7
4th OG_60 5.94 MD_261 27.86 IW_88 400.97 MD_261 40.01
5th IW_222 5.82 ER_93 19.18 IW_31 372.14 IW_31 30.19
6th ER_93 4.09 IW_88 18.66 MD_261 369.29 IW_88 15.56
7th MD_261 3.84 KT_26 17.72 ER_93 249.71 ER_93 5.97
Mean 6.01 24.48 436.03 34.98
Uhonmora 1st KT_26 8.92 IW_31 49.55 IW_222 444.95 IW_31 53.41
2nd IW_31 7.09 MD_261 49.45 IW_31 389.79 KT_26 50.51
3rd IW_222 6.7 IW_88 46.99 KT_26 364.09 IW_222 42.2
4th OG_60 6.56 OG_60 46.12 MD_261 307.31 IW_88 28.33
5th IW_88 6.01 ER_93 45.07 OG_60 295.23 OG_60 27.4
6th ER_93 4.21 IW_222 34.89 ER_93 232.99 MD_261 21.45
7th MD_261 4.06 KT_26 32.3 IW_88 211.29 ER_93 10.37
Mean 6.22 43.48 320.81 33.38
Table 1 Mean square values and descriptive statistics (ANOVA) showing variability of nine yield component characters.

*, ** and ns mean significant at P<0.05, 0.01 and not significant, respectively. Transformed quantitative state of days to flowering in parentheses.

Table 2 Correlation analysis of nine yield component characters.

r(187) = .12, p<0.05;

r(187) = .18, p<0.01;

ns = not significant

Table 3 GxE (Explained %) from AMMI analysis for nine (9) yield component characters of cashew.

DF: Degree of freedom; SS: Sum of squares; MS: Mean square, %E: Explained % of sum of square.

Table 4 Ranking of genotypes in each environment by AMMI analysis.

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

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