Microsatellite (SSR) markers were employed to investigate the genetic diversity within a collection of durum wheat germplasm. A total of 41 landraces originating from geographically diverse regions—including Turkey, Lebanon, Morocco, Ethiopia, China, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia—were initially genotyped using 27 SSR markers selected to represent the whole genome. Of these, 7 markers failed to produce amplification products despite repeated attempts; therefore, 20 SSR markers were retained for further analysis. Among these, 17 loci were polymorphic and 3 were monomorphic. Analysis of the 17 polymorphic loci revealed a total of 67 alleles, with allele numbers per locus ranging from two to seven and an average of 3.94 alleles per locus. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values varied from 0.071 (Xgwm371) to 0.647 (Xgwm120), indicating differences in marker informativeness. Cluster analysis grouped the landraces into four genetically distinct clusters, demonstrating a clear relationship between genetic variation and geographic origin. In general, landraces from Africa and Western Asia exhibited higher genetic diversity compared to those from Central and East Asia. These results highlight Western Asia, Africa, and particularly southeastern Turkey as important centers of genetic diversity for durum wheat.

Genetic diversity among 20 Azerbaijani grape (Vitis vinifera L.) accessions was assessed using 10 Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers to elucidate relationships among samples and identify a convenient marker for determining genetic diversity. Based on the polymorphic information parameters such as PIC, EMR, MI, and RP were critically analyzed for utilizing these ISSR primers for genetic variability and 4 ISSR (UBC 811, UBC 812, UBC 815, UBC 857) markers were selected for future germplasm management. The total number of identified bands varied between 2-5. The maximum PIC value was observed in UBC 857 (0.478). Among genotypes, Ag oval kishmish and Yumru kishmish cultivars had the closest genetic similarity index (0.913), while Ag oval kishmish and Marandi, Yerli Muskat and Yabani uzum 1, Yerli Muskat and Yumru kishmish cultivars had the most distant genetic similarity index (0.406). These findings highlight both the complexity of grapevine genetic structure and the value of ISSR markers for detecting non-obvious relationships.