Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for the starch-related traits amylose content (AC) and resistant starch (RS) content have received much attention due to the potential benefits of grains high in these starch levels. In this study, QTLs associated with AC and RS content were identified using 92 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) developed from a cross between two closely related japonica cultivars ‘Dodamssal’ and ‘Hwayeong’. One QTL on chromosome 2 for RS content and 2 QTLs for AC on chromosomes 2 and 6 were detected. The F₂ population derived from a cross between Hwayeong and two selected RILs were used to analyze the interaction between starch branching enzyme 3 (SBE3) and granule-bound starch synthase 1 (GBSS1). The combined effect of SBE3 and GBSS1 in the F₂ population suggested that these two genes behaved in an additive manner in increasing AC. Haplotype analysis based on two SNPs in GBSS1 classified 117 rice accessions into three groups. At the first SNP site, all indica, Korean landrace, and weedy rice accessions had the Wx^a allele at the 5ʹ splice site of intron 1, whereas japonica accessions had the mutated Wx^b allele. This suggests that this splice-donor mutation is prevalent in japonica cultivars, but rare or absent in landrace and weedy rice cultivars. Landrace or weedy rice accessions harboring the Wx^a allele could be employed in breeding programs to manipulate AC in cultivated japonica rice considering the difficulty and time to introduce desirable indica traits into japonica due to reproductive barriers.

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Abiotic and biotic stresses adversely affect rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth and yield. Conventional breeding is a very effective method to develop tolerant rice variety; however, it takes a decade long to establish a new rice variety. DNA-based markers have a huge potential to improve the efficiency and precision of conventional plant breeding via marker-assisted selection (MAS). The large number of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) mapping studies for rice has provided an abundance of DNA marker-trait associations. The limitations of conventional breeding such as linkage drag and lengthy time consumption can be overcome by utilizing DNA markers in plant breeding. The major applications of DNA markers such as MAS, QTL mapping and gene pyramiding have been surveyed. In this review, we presented the latest markers available for some of the most important abiotic and biotic stresses in rice breeding programs. Achieving a significant impact on crop improvement by marker assisted breeding (MAB) represents the great challenge for agricultural scientists in the next few decades.

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This experiment was carried out to identify genetic resources of chrysanthemum wild species and commercial cultivars that are resistant to white rust disease caused by Puccinia horiana. A total of 190 chrysanthemum accessions, composed of 11 accessions belonging to six wild species and 179 commercial cultivars, were screened for resistance to P. horiana isolates collected from Muan and Jeonju, the main production area of chrysanthemum in Korea. A total of 41 spray cultivars and three wild species (Chrysanthemum boreale, C. yoshinaganthum, and C. zawadskii) were identified as resistant. Nine standard and 28 spray cultivars with poorly developed chlorotic lesions and pustules on the leaves were moderate resistant. The remaining 18 standard, 83 spray cultivars and three wild species (Aster spathulifolius, C. indicum, and C. pacificum) were highly susceptible. The use of resistant cultivars is one of the most efficient approaches for overcoming white rust disease in chrysanthemum cultivation. Therefore, these genetic resources can be used in crossbreeding programs for developing white rust resistant chrysanthemum cultivars.

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We analyzed the transcriptional profile of the Xoo infected bbr1 mutant using a commercial rice gene chip containing 51,279 transcripts. Microarray revealed 92 genes with increased levels of expression and 22 genes with decreased levels of expression in bbr1. Some of the differentially expressed genes were validated by qRT-PCR. Higher expression of defense-related genes and AP2 domain containing transcription factors along with lower expression of reactive oxygen scavenging enzymes may be responsible for defense signaling in the bbr1 upon Xoo infection. The putative target genes of AP2 domain containing transcription factors also showed differential gene expression during Xoo infection, some of which encoded bacterial pathogen resistance-related protein. Induction of AP2 domain containing transcription factors along with up-regulation of their putative target genes during Xoo infection may inhibit pathogen spread in the bbr1. This observation supports the hypothesis that AP2 domain containing transcription factors is involved in the regulation of differentially expressed genes in bbr1.

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