Genetic diversity among 20 Azerbaijani grape (Vitis vinifera L.) accessions was assessed using 10 Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers to elucidate relationships among samples and identify a convenient marker for determining genetic diversity. Based on the polymorphic information parameters such as PIC, EMR, MI, and RP were critically analyzed for utilizing these ISSR primers for genetic variability and 4 ISSR (UBC 811, UBC 812, UBC 815, UBC 857) markers were selected for future germplasm management. The total number of identified bands varied between 2-5. The maximum PIC value was observed in UBC 857 (0.478). Among genotypes, Ag oval kishmish and Yumru kishmish cultivars had the closest genetic similarity index (0.913), while Ag oval kishmish and Marandi, Yerli Muskat and Yabani uzum 1, Yerli Muskat and Yumru kishmish cultivars had the most distant genetic similarity index (0.406). These findings highlight both the complexity of grapevine genetic structure and the value of ISSR markers for detecting non-obvious relationships.

Glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes from transcripts of Vitis flexuosa leaves infected with Elsinoe ampelina were characterized and analyzed for their expression using primers based on specific regions. Comparison of deduced amino acid sequences from GST transcripts of V. flexuosa showed that the score of the deduced amino acid identity ranged from 43.38% (VfGST26625 and VfGST774) to 6.67% (Vf GST13892 and Vf GST774). Primary and secondary structure analysis was performed using the ProtParam and Self-Optimized Prediction Method with Alignment software. A phylogenetic tree was constructed from the GST proteins by the neighbor joining method using MEGA 6.0 to investigate the relationship among Vf GST, VvGST, and At GST proteins. To evaluate the differential expression pattern of GST genes by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), primers specific to unique regions in each gene were obtained by alignment of the sequences. Real-time PCR revealed that GST genes were expressed differentially in the leaves of V. flexuosa infected with Botrytis cinerea, E. ampelina, and Rhizobium vitis. The expression of VfGST26625 was up-regulated, while that of others were down-regulated among five GSTs in all grapevine leaves inoculated with each pathogen. The results provided herein improve our understanding of defense responses to various pathogen attacks in grapevines.

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