Eleusine indica (goosegrass) is a widespread invasive species that poses a significant threat to global agriculture, particularly due to its evolving resistance to glyphosate. While resistance mechanisms such as the Pro106 mutation in the 5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene are well-characterized, mechanisms can vary significantly by geography. This study investigated the molecular basis of glyphosate resistance in a Korean genotype of E. indica. Unlike genotype reported in other regions, such as Mexico, no Pro106 mutation was detected in the EPSPS gene of the Korean samples. However, Target Site Resistance (TSR) was suggested to be mediated by significant overexpression of EPSPS in glyphosate-treated plants compared to controls. Concurrently, Non-Target Site Resistance (NTSR) mechanisms played a critical role; differential expression analysis revealed the upregulation of key detoxification gene families, including Cytochrome P450s (CYP450), Glutathione S-transferases (GST), and Glycosyltransferases (GT). Furthermore, Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway analyses indicated a metabolic shift involving the activation of glutathione metabolism and MAPK signaling, coupled with a suppression of photosynthesis-related pathways, suggesting an energy reallocation strategy for survival. These findings demonstrate that glyphosate resistance in Korean E. indica is likely mediated by a complex interplay of EPSPS overexpression and metabolic adaptation, underscoring the importance of understanding regional genetic diversity for developing effective weed management strategies.
Triticum aestivum L., commonly known as wheat, has long been considered one of the most important crops worldwide. Over the past 20 years, there has been a notable increase in domestic demand for wheat in South Korea, raising interest in locally grown varieties. In recent years, an expansion in reclaimed land areas has prompted extensive research into crop breeding and varietal improvement for salt tolerance. As part of this research effort, salt-tolerant mutant individuals selected through gamma radiation mutation were used as experimental materials to study the temporal gene expression profiles related to salt response in "Urimil" varieties following salt treatment. In this study, physiological analyses were conducted by measuring the changes in the Na+ and K+ contents, as well as the K+/Na+ ratios, in plant leaves as indicators of salt response. RNA-Seq was used to analyze gene expression patterns post-salt treatment across different time points. Furthermore, gene ontology compartmentalized the genes into biological processes, molecular functions, and cellular components. Finally, the wheat reference genome was compared with the experimental and control groups to identify non-synonymous SNPs that could induce changes in protein expression. This analysis aimed to investigate the mechanisms of salt tolerance in wheat and to identify candidate genes for further research.
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