Bread wheat
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Black soybeans are valued for their rich nutritional content and potential health benefits, attributed to their functional components that enhance antioxidant activity. In this study, we evaluate and compare the isoflavone and anthocyanin content, as well as the antioxidant potential, of seven Korean black soybean genotypes. Isoflavone content ranged from 2,032.8 to 3,536.8 µg/g, with Soman displaying the highest levels of both aglycones and glucosides, indicating notable bioactive potential. In terms of anthocyanins, Danheuk had the highest total content (24,080.6 µg/g), while Soman excelled in Pelargonidin-3- glucoside (Pg3glc). Soman also showed superior antioxidant activity across all measures, including total polyphenol, flavonoid content, as well as radical scavenging abilities (ABTS and DPPH). Strong correlations were found between total flavonoid content, total polyphenol content, genistin, total isoflavone content and antioxidant activity, while correlations with total anthocyanins were relatively weaker. These findings reveal significant genetic variability in isoflavone and anthocyanin content among soybean genotypes, with Soman showing particularly high antioxidant potential, suggesting its value for health-related applications and soybean breeding programs.
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Black rot, a disease of significance affecting vegetable
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Pigmented rice is reported have high levels of bioactive compounds, it suitable for functional food. Additionally, it has been reported that pigmented rice extract has the potential as an anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer agent. In Indonesia, pigmented rice is less favored by local farmers due to low public demand (limited awareness) and cultivation difficulties (prone to falling and susceptible to pests), which could lead to the extinction of the plant. Qualitative and quantitative characterization can serve as the basis for plant breeding. This study aims to analyze the morpho-agronomic traits of several pigmented rice accessions from Central Java and East Java, thus providing a source of information for local farmers in the pigmented rice breeding process. Morpho-agronomic traits observed include qualitative and quantitative characters. The grouping and its relationship between 22 rice accessions were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA)-biplots and dendrogram clustering analysis based on Unweighted Pair Group Method Using Arithmetic Averages (UPGMA). The results showed the characteristics influencing the variation of Indonesian pigmented rice, especially from East Java and Central Java, out of 22 accessions, such as leaf color, shoot color, and tiller number. The grouping based on their morpho-agronomic characters showed that there were two main clusters. Twenty out of 22 rice accession grouping in cluster 1 with diverse pigmented rice pigment type. Meanwhile, cluster 2 consists of IR Ngawi Hitam and Wojaloka. These two accessions are classified as black rice. Our findings are valuable for breeding programs, especially in rice.
Plant breeding relies on genetic variation to produce new and improved cultivars. One way to obtain novel traits is by inducing mutations. The present study aimed to create a Fusarium crown rot (FCR) and Fusarium head blight (FHB)-resistant mutagenized wheat population using ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) and identify mutant resistance to FCR and FHB, which could provide a starting point for resistance breeding. The optimal mutagenesis conditions were determined based on the germination percentage. This study used six Chinese wheat cultivars, namely Jimai22, Hengguan35, Shixin828, Gaoyou2018, Keiwei20, and Keiwei18, to create a mutant population by treating them with EMS. For Shixin828, the optimal condition was 0.8% EMS with a 50-55% germination rate. For Hengguan35 and Jimai22, it was 0.6% EMS. For Gaoyou2018 and Kewei20, it was 0.8% and 0.4-0.6%, respectively. The FCR disease index of the mutant lines (M1) ranged from 10.00 to 77.67. For M2, the number of individual mutant plants demonstrating resistance to FCR varied from 76 to 102. In M3, 570 healthy plants were obtained using various EMS concentrations. The mutant line Kewei18 demonstrated the most resistance to FCR, FHB, and Deoxynivalenol (DON) infection. Kewei20 mutants had a higher FHB susceptibility than other mutants. Overall, mutants from the Kewei18 genetic background displayed better disease resistance to both diseases and DON contamination than natural plants. Mutants with or moderate resistance to FCR and FHB could be used in breeding and genetic studies to identify FHB and FCR-resistant Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) in wheat.
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Rice yield is severely affected by phosphorus (P) deficiency, and plants have evolved various strategies to cope with this limitation. While some rice genotypes are adapted to low phosphate (Pi) availability, others remain sensitive to Pi deficiency. In this study, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using a hydroponically cultivated population of 190 North Korean (NK) rice plants to identify genes associated with phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) and Pi deficiency tolerance. The rice plants were grown in Yoshida nutrient media with either full (10 mg/L) or low-P (1 mg/L) concentrations for 40 days. The phenotypic response to Pi deficiency was assessed at the seedling stage, followed by an evaluation of eight agricultural traits: chlorophyll content (SPAD), shoot length (SL), shoot fresh weight (SFW), shoot dry weight (SDW), root fresh weight (RFW), root dry weight (RDW), and tiller number (TN). The GWAS analysis revealed a total of 166 significant lead SNPs, with six located near known genes for Pi deficiency tolerance:
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The genus
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Foxglove aphid (FA),
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The development of rice seedlings stressed by drought and salt is shown by different morphometric and colorimetric traits. These distinctions can be used to understand the response of plants to challenging conditions. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the efficacy of image-based phenotyping in the early testing of rice plants and observe how the plants respond to both drought and salinity. A stress tolerance index with multivariate analysis was used for the selection of the most important traits. The experiment consisted of 2 factors, namely the degree of environmental stress and rice genotype. Furthermore, the degree of environmental stress comprised normal (NaCl and PEG 0%), drought (10% PEG), salinity (60 mM NaCl), as well as a combination of moderate drought and salinity (5% PEG + 30 mM NaCl). The results showed that both morphometric (area, convex hull, bounding area, perimeter, centermassy) and colorimetric (CIVE, VARI, RGBVI, MGRVI, NDI, GLI, NGRDI) can be used as selection characters.
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To determine the lethal dose (LD) and growth-reducing dose (GR), the exposures were from gamma activity rates such as low activity rate by multipurpose panoramic 70 Ci and high activity rate by Gamma Cell 3 kCi. The study material was sourced by Cobalt-60 (60Co) with variant doses, i.e., 10Gy, 20Gy, 30Gy, 40Gy, 50Gy, and 60Gy for each gamma activity rate. The study was performed at the Center for Isotope and Radiation Application, National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia (CIRA-NNEA). Data were analyzed using non-parametric tests and analysis of variance. The lethal dose (LD50) and growth reduction (GR50) were identified based on regression analysis. The analysis of variance revealed that highly significant differences among irradiation treatments in number of leaves, survival rate, and plant height. A linear regression model was developed to determine the mean LD50 and GR50 of Super Napier grass. The highest variability of mutants was observed in gamma-ray irradiated mutants with lethal doses (LD50). LD50, 35.82Gy-55.71Gy, at a low activity rate (Multipurpose panoramic irradiator 70 Ci) is higher than the high activity rate (Gamma Cell 3 kCi), 28.98-28.99. In general, the survival rate of Super Napier grass decreased along with increasing irradiation dose. The generated LD50 and GR50 were identified as optimal dosages for the radiosensitivity of Super Napier grass. This study becomes preliminary mutagenesis breeding to generate genetic diversity of grass, specifically in Super Napier grass.
Eight rice genotypes, including Binam, Hashemi, Deylamani, TH1, Hasani, Saleh, IR75479-199-3-3, and Gohar, were crossed in a line tester mating design to generate breeding populations, assess the general and specific combining ability (GCA and SCA) and identify suitable combinations for yield. 23 genotypes (15 F1s and eight parents) were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Rice Research Institute of Iran during the 2020 cropping season. Analysis of variance revealed significant genotype effects and GCA and SCA mean square values for all the investigated traits, which indicated the genetic diversity of the parental genotypes and the importance of both additive and non-additive gene effects in the inheritance of the studied traits. Results indicated that additive gene action controlled plant height. Meanwhile, non-additive gene action controlled panicle length, number of panicles per plant, heading date, hundred-grain weight, number of grains per panicle, and grain yield. Effects of general combining ability were significant for the panicle length, the number of panicles per plant, heading date, hundred-grain weight, number of grains per panicle, and plant height in all testers. Hasani and Saleh's genotypes demonstrated to be good general combiners for early maturity. Gohar was the best specific combiner to enhance yield components. Hashemi×Gohar was identified as the best combination for improving grain yield and reducing the number of days to heading. The predominance of non-additive types of gene actions related to grain yield and its components suggested that selecting the best plants should be postponed to advanced generation.
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Hops are dioecious, with only female plants cultivated for resin production and primarily used in brewing. Therefore, early sex identification at the seedling stage is crucial for breeding and cultivation. Molecular marker-assisted selection facilitates rapid and reliable sex identification of hops. We developed molecular male markers by leveraging sequence information from male-specific regions in a designated public database. To assess the accuracy of sex identification using the newly generated markers, we performed PCR analysis on four cultivars of hops with known sexes. Seventy-eight percent of the tested PCR primers correlated with the male sex phenotype. Following optimization, four primer pairs were successfully converted into male-specific PCR markers.
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme found in nearly all living cells. It converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid as a subsequent step of glycerol metabolic pathway, thus LDH contributes to lactic acid biosynthesis from glycerol. LDH was reportedly active in rice (
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