The integration of advanced technologies into breeding programs in the 21st century can result in a powerful step change in crop productivity when aligned with components of genetic gain. Genetic gain depends upon four factors: accuracy, selection intensity, genetic variation, and time. It is a useful starting point, as it articulates the parameters breeders operate as part of the crop improvement process. This review article has compiled advanced breeding technologies such as phenomics, genotyping and se-quencing platforms, genome editing, and double haploid, which can be applied to each component of the genetic gain equation. In addition, it has explained the strategies, opportunities, and limitations in order to support breeders in making wise decisions in regard to the technologies and therefore increase efficiency with the breeding programs.
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Bitter gourd is an important vegetable of the family Cucurbitaceae, cultivated mainly in humid and subtropical Asia. Bitter gourd is a vegetable with immense health benefits due to the presence of medicinal compounds such as charantin, vicine, and polypeptide-p, which play essential roles in lessening blood glucose levels. Moreover, bitter gourd fruits are particularly rich in vitamin C, minerals, and carotenes. Here, an effort has been made to critically evaluate the extent of achievements during the enhancement and enactment of bitter gourd breeding programs with the use of latest technologies. Broadening the genetic base of cultivated bitter gourd varieties as a result of enrichment of existing resources by using wild species in breeding programs. Practical seed production technological know-how along with the use of the MS system (male sterility)/chemical-induced sterility procedure is nonetheless vital to cope with market demands. Superior yielding bitter gourd hybrids combining early maturity and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses are regularly needed to cope with the challenge of bitter gourd production.
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Interspecific hybrids of eggplants (
Traditional rice landraces of coastal areas in Bangladesh are distinct in respect to their phenotypes, responses to salt stress and yield attributes. In characterization of coastal rice landraces, 46 rice genotypes were tested for salt tolerance at their seedling and reproductive growth stages. Through the cluster analysis following standard evaluation score (SES), genotypes were divided into five categories (highly susceptible, susceptible, moderately tolerant, tolerant and highly tolerant) at their seedling stage. Three coastal genotypes,
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Mutation is an effective strategy not only for creating novel variation into crop genome but also for direct releasing adapted and high-yielding genotypes. The current work explores inducing genetic variability in bread wheat using physical and chemical mutagens. Three wheat cultivars were treated by three mutagens; gamma irradiation (five doses; 250, 300, 350, 400 and 450 Gray); laser ray (three treatments; 1, 1.5, and 2 hour exposure) and EMS (three concentrations; 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4%). Besides, a combination of physical (laser) and chemical (EMS) mutagens using middle range of each treatment (1.5 hour laser and 0.3% EMS) was attempted to be applied. The treated seeds were sown in the first season and 4050 M1 plants were harvested. The harvested seeds were sown in the second season, and 78750 M2 plants were obtained. The selection was performed in second season (M2) based on morpho-physiological and yield traits; flag leaf area, flag leaf chlorophyll content, plant height, spike length, grain yield per plant and its components. Based on evaluated traits fourteen mutants were selected to be evaluated in the third generation (M3). The results indicated that the used mutagens had direct impact and significantly improved agronomic traits in derivative mutants compared to their parent cultivars. Moreover, the maximum increment in yield related traits were obtained by 0.4% EMS, 1 and 2 hour-laser, 350-Gy, 1.5 hour × 0.3% EMS and 250-Gy. The obtained results highlighted the importance of these doses of applied mutagens to induce useful genetic variability in bread wheat for improving grain yield and contributing traits.
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Pathogens are the major causes of wheat crop yield losses, including the fungus
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Cowpea (
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High-throughput genotyping has substantially advanced the quality and accuracy of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery and provided an effective way to interpret phenotypic variations in a mapping population. High-resolution quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping is important for understanding agricultural traits. However, constructing a high-resolution map without sufficient markers to detect QTLs/genes of agronomically important traits is laborious and time consuming. In this study, 160 recom-binant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between Milyang23 and Gihobyeo were re-sequenced, and their SNPs were used for high-resolution QTL mapping of yield-related traits. A total of 1,850,671 high-quality SNPs from RILs were detected, and 3,563 bins were used as genetic markers to construct a high-resolution genetic map using the sliding window approach. The total genetic distance was 1,278.62 cM. Using the QTL analysis, we identified 35 QTLs controlling six yield traits, namely, culm length, panicle length, panicle number per plant, primary branch number per panicle, grain number per plant, and 100-grain weight. In addition, we detected major QTLs associated with culm length and grain number, and compared their physical distances using a conventional genetic map. These results showed that rapid, high-resolution QTL mapping using high-quality SNPs as bin markers is a powerful tool for fine-mapping and cloning important QTLs/genes.
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