Flowering time (heading date) of the rice plant is considered an important agronomic trait for environmental adaptation and grain yield. It is controlled by multiple genes and is regulated by different environmental factors, such as day length, temperature, soil moisture, etc. So far, approximately 125 genes regulating flowering process and floral organ identity or development directly or indirectly have been reported in rice. Among these genes, Heading date 3a (Hd3a), RICE FLOWERING LOCUS T1 (RFT1), Heading date 5 (Hd5), MORF-RELATED GENE702 (MRG702), Casein kinases, CKI and CK2α, Pseudo-Response Regulator 37 (PRR37), Hd gene family have been reported as the key genes regulating flowering time in rice; however, their functions are mostly inter-related. Hd3a and RFT1 that encode florigens, are known as the floral transition genes in rice. In rice, florigen immediately induces downstream genes in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) to start the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase. RFT1 gene regulates flowering time with pivotal action while Hd3a, regulates under long day conditions. The Hd5 gene regulates flowering time in variation of early heading for adaptation depending on environmental signals. MRG702, a reader protein, promotes flowering. Casein kinases, CKI and CK2α directly influence the function of the early heading regulator PRR37. Hd16/CKI hinders flowering time in the Ehd1-concerned pathway through phosphorylation of Ghd7 and PRR37. Natural variants of Hd1, PRR37, Ghd7, DTH8, Hd6, and Hd16 were found in the rice varieties that are cultivated presently in Asia and Europe, and their variants play significant roles in the down streaming of Ehd1 expression to delay flowering time in natural long day (LD) conditions.

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• Exogenous and Endogenous Signals: Critical Factors for Regulation of Flowering Time and Grain Yield in Rice
  E. Kariali, S. Panigrahi, P. K. Suna, P. K. Senapati, R. Das, P. Dwivedi
  Russian Journal of Plant Physiology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• CRISPR-Cas technology based genome editing for modification of salinity stress tolerance responses in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
  Ibrahim Khan, Sikandar Khan, Yong Zhang, Jianping Zhou, Maryam Akhoundian, Sohail Ahmad Jan
  Molecular Biology Reports.2021; 48(4): 3605.     CrossRef

Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is highly resistant to environmental stress and can be easily cultivated, thus many jujube cultivars are being developed. However, the same cultivars had been cultivated with different names. Thus, systematic management is required to protect the intellectual property of different varieties. To aid systematic control of jujube cultivars, this study presents efficient markers for distinguishing cultivars through identification of morphological characteristics and relationships among 25 jujubes. Among 10 qualitative characteristics, flowering time, fructification time, presence of thorns, and shape of fruit were found to be useful traits for the cultivar identification. In the results of principal component analysis, 3 principal components (PC) represented 73% for the total variations. PC1 showed high positive correlations with fruit–related characteristics and PC2 formed a cluster with leaf-related characteristics. Therefore, the differences in fruit and leaf were identified as useful traits for the cultivar identification. According to the results of cluster analysis, which largely divided cultivars into 4 clusters, Sour jujube 2, with smaller fruits and leaves, was separated first. Cluster II included Chinese cultivars with large fruit sizes, such as Dalizao, Dabailing, Damaya, and Daguazao. Three Korean cultivars were grouped with Bokjo, Panzao, Zanhuangdazao, and Jinsi No. 3, and the remaining 13 cultivars formed a separate cluster.

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• Discriminative Power of Geometric Parameters of Different Cultivars of Sour Cherry Pits Determined Using Machine Learning
  Ewa Ropelewska, Kadir Sabanci, Muhammet Fatih Aslan
  Agriculture.2021; 11(12): 1212.     CrossRef
• The Application of Machine Learning for Cultivar Discrimination of Sweet Cherry Endocarp
  Ewa Ropelewska
  Agriculture.2020; 11(1): 6.     CrossRef

We selected 68 Chinese maize inbred lines to understand the genetic diversity, population structure, and marker-trait associations for eight agronomic traits and 50 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) markers. In this study, effective traits, such as days of anthesis (DA), days of silking (DS), ear height (EH), plant to ear height ratio (ER), plant height (PH), and leaf width (LW) were divided into PC1 and PC2 by PCA analysis for maize inbred lines. Genetic diversity analysis revealed a total of 506 alleles at 50 SSR loci. The mean number of alleles per locus was 10.12. The averages of genetic diversity (GD) and polymorphic information content (PIC) values were 0.771 and 0.743, respectively. Based on a membership probability threshold of 0.80, the population structure revealed that the total inbred lines were divided into three major groups with one admixed group. A marker-trait association using Q + K MLM showed that nine SSR markers (bnlg1017, umc2041, umc2400, bnlg105, umc1229, umc1250, umc1066, umc2092, and umc1426) were related with seven agronomic traits. Among these SSR markers, eight SSR markers were associated with only one agronomic trait (DA, DS, ER, LL, LW, PH, and ST), whereas one SSR marker (umc1229) was associated with two agronomic traits (DA and ST). These results will help in optimizing the choice of inbred lines for cross combinations, as well as in selecting markers for further maize breeding programs.

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• Assessment of combining ability for grain yield and its attributing traits in maize (Zea mays L.)
  Jiban Shrestha, Surya Kant Ghimire, Krishna Hari Dhakal, Mahendra Prasad Tripathi
  Discover Agriculture.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Mapping of quantitative trait loci associated with fodder quality traits in forage maize (Zea mays L.)
  Palaniyappan Subramani, Ganesan Kalipatty Nalliappan, Manivannan Narayana, Senthil Natesan
  Euphytica.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Phylogenetic analysis of Perilla crop (Perilla frutescens L.) based on morphological characteristics and volatile substances
  Jungeun Cho, Hyeon Park, Tae Hyeon Heo, Kyu Jin Sa, Ju Kyong Lee
  Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution.2025; 72(3): 2959.     CrossRef
• Molecular diversity, population structure analysis, and assessment of parent hybrid relationships in fodder maize
  Palaniyappan Subramani, Ganesan Kalipatty Nalliappan, Manivannan Narayana, Ravichandran Veerasamy, Senthil Natesan
  Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Selection of superior and stable fodder maize hybrids using MGIDI and MTSI indices
  Palaniyappan Subramani, Ganesan Kalipatty Nalliappan, Manivannan Narayana, Ravichandran Veerasamy, Senthil Natesan
  Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Association Mapping for Evaluation of Population Structure, Genetic Diversity, and Physiochemical Traits in Drought-Stressed Maize Germplasm Using SSR Markers
  Muhammad Zahaib Ilyas, Hyeon Park, So Jung Jang, Jungeun Cho, Kyu Jin Sa, Ju Kyong Lee
  Plants.2023; 12(24): 4092.     CrossRef
• Uncovering microsatellite markers associated with agronomic traits of South Sudan landrace maize
  Emmanuel Andrea Mathiang, Hyeon Park, So Jung Jang, Jungeun Cho, Tae Hyeon Heo, Ju Kyong Lee
  Genes & Genomics.2023; 45(12): 1587.     CrossRef
• Morphological Variation in Normal Maize Landrace Accessions Collected from South Sudan
  Emmanuel Andrea Mathiang, Kyu Jin Sa, Hyeon Park, So Jung Jang, Ju Kyong Lee
  Plant Breeding and Biotechnology.2023; 11(1): 15.     CrossRef
• Genetic diversity and population structure analysis in early generations maize inbreds derived from local germplasm of Eastern Himalayan regions using microsatellite markers
  E. Lamalakshmi Devi, Umakanta Ngangkham, Sunil Kumar Chongtham, Bhuvaneswari S, Ingudam Bhupenchandra, Konsam Sarika, Harendra Verma, Akoijam Ratankumar Singh, Amit Kumar, Tensubam Basanta Singh, Amit Kumar, T. L. Bhutia, S. K. Dutta, Shaon Kumar Das, Ram
  Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization.2023; 21(5): 418.     CrossRef
• Identification of SSR Markers Associated with Yield-Related Traits and Heterosis Effect in Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica Napus L.)
  Joanna Wolko, Agnieszka Łopatyńska, Łukasz Wolko, Jan Bocianowski, Katarzyna Mikołajczyk, Alina Liersch
  Agronomy.2022; 12(7): 1544.     CrossRef
• Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Normal Maize Germplasm Collected in South Sudan Revealed by SSR Markers
  Emmanuel Andrea Mathiang, Kyu Jin Sa, Hyeon Park, Yeon Joon Kim, Ju Kyong Lee
  Plants.2022; 11(20): 2787.     CrossRef
• Using of Molecular Markers in Prediction of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Hybrid Grain Yield Based on Artificial Intelligence Methods and Multivariate Statistics
  E. E. Shamsabadi, H. Sabouri, H. Soughi, S. J. Sajadi
  Russian Journal of Genetics.2022; 58(5): 603.     CrossRef
• Genetic characterization and association mapping in near-isogenic lines of waxy maize using seed characteristics and SSR markers
  Hae Ri Kim, Kyu Jin Sa, Min Nam-Gung, Ki Jin Park, Si-Hwan Ryu, Chang Yeun Mo, Ju Kyong Lee
  Genes & Genomics.2021; 43(1): 79.     CrossRef
• Genetic variation and association mapping in the F2 population of the Perilla crop (Perilla frutescens L.) using new developed Perilla SSR markers
  Ju Yeon Kim, Kyu Jin Sa, Ye Ju Ha, Ju Kyong Lee
  Euphytica.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef

Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is an economically important species with over 4,000 years of cultivation history. Cultivar classification and phylogenetic relationship of jujube have been controversial due to the lack of data related to species origin and cultivation. In this study, inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to analyze the genetic characteristics and relationships of Korean and Chinese jujube cultivars. The amplification of genomic DNA of the 32 accessions using 11 primers yielded 149 amplified bands, of which 141 were polymorphic. The amplification of 22 jujube cultivars generated 76 bands, 40 of which were polymorphic, suggesting that many polymorphic bands appeared in the outgroup. The mean genetic similarity index (GSI) of the cultivars was 0.835; Bokjo, Geumseong, Wolchul, and Mudeung cultivars showed the highest GSI of 1, and Sandonglizao and Xiaolizao had the lowest GSI of 0.658. The cluster analysis resolved Indian jujube (Z. mauritiana Lam.) and Paliurus ramosissimus Poir. in a basal Group I, sour jujube 2 (Z. acidojujuba C.Y. Cheng & M.J. Liu) and Damaya formed Group II, Dabailing and Daguazao were clustered in Group III, and the remaining accessions formed Group IV. The Korean cultivars and Korean native varieties showed genetic uniformity and were close to some Chinese cultivars. Accordingly, exploration of domestic and foreign genetic resources should be supplemented with survey of characteristics of collected material for genetic resources management and breeding of elite lines.

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• Genetic diversity analysis of pomelo germplasm resources based on leaf phenotype and SCoT markers
  Xiaoqi Duan, Faisal Hayat, Ziqi Lei, Haocheng Ruan, Wenzhao Lin, Panfeng Tu, Caiqin Li, Wenpei Song, Yongquan Li, Juan Li, Lubin Zhang, Guohua Li, Ruifeng Ma, Wentao Gou, Gensheng Xiao, Qin Wang, Qiansong Wang
  Scientia Horticulturae.2025; 346: 114174.     CrossRef

High-throughput molecular markers with high genotyping accuracy will be helpful for genetic analysis, mapping of interesting genes, and rice breeding program. To develop high-throughput and cost-effective molecular markers for Korean japonica rice varieties, which are closely-related genetically, we designed kompetitive allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (KASP) assays from the sequence data of 13 Korean japonica rice varieties. Of the 504 new KASP assays, 371 (73.6%) showed polymorphisms among the tested varieties. In addition to the 400 previously developed KASP markers, this resulted in 771 KASP markers being applicable for Korean japonica rice varieties. These KASP markers were used to map the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for rice bakanae disease (BD) resistance. From the results of QTL mapping and determination of the mortality rate of BD in two F²:F³ populations, a major QTL, qFfR1-1, and a novel QTL, qFfR6, were revealed on chromosome 1 in the Junam/Nampyeong F²:F³ population and on chromosome 6 in the Saenuri/Nampyeong F²:F³ population, respectively. Further, the insertion/deletion markers in the qFfR1-1 region were developed to select BD-resistant japonica rice varieties. The 771 developed KASP markers will accelerate the molecular breeding in Korean japonica rice varieties, and the detected QTLs will be helpful in identifying candidate genes for BD resistance.

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• Genetic Diversity and Structural Network Analysis of Korean Rice Varieties Using TCS-based SNPs
  Chang-Min Lee, Hyun-Su Park, Jeonghwan Seo, Song-Hee Park, O-Young Jeong, Keon-Mi Lee, Seul-Gi Park
  Korean Journal of Breeding Science.2026; 58(1): 1.     CrossRef
• QTL Analysis for Heading Date and Yield-Related Traits Using the Recombinant Inbred Lines Derived from a Cross between ‘Koshihikari’ and ‘IS592BB’
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• Genome-Wide Association Study to identify Bakanae disease resistance-related QTLs carrying novel candidate genes in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
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• QTL Analysis for Yield and Grain-Related Traits Using the Recombinant Inbred Lines Derived from a Cross between ‘Boramchan’ and ‘Pecos’
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  Korean Journal of Breeding Science.2025; 57(2): 131.     CrossRef
• Quantitative Trait Locus Analysis for Quality-Related Traits Using the Recombinant Inbred Lines Derived from a Cross between “Boramchan” and “Pecos” Japonica Rice
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• Genomic Regions and Molecular Markers Associated with Deeper Rooting to Improve Grain Yield in Aerobic Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Production Systems
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  International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(11): 6214.     CrossRef
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• Identification of Grain Size-Related QTLs in Korean japonica Rice Using Genome Resequencing and High-Throughput Image Analysis
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• Characterization and QTL Mapping of a Major Field Resistance Locus for Bacterial Blight in Rice
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• Multiple Disease Resistant Early Maturing Rice Cultivar ‘IS592BB’ with the Genetic Background of ‘Unkwang’
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Since traditional taxonomic studies possess intrinsic limitations with plant species identification, combinations of DNA barcodes have been considered a powerful tool to discover undetected genetic variation within species across large geographic areas, providing more precise estimates of biodiversity. However, the lack of efficient and universal markers is often considered a peculiar challenge in molecular taxonomic studies across plant taxa. Similarly, many loci have been proposed for DNA barcodes; still standardizing regions as a DNA barcode is vital for making them efficiently discriminate plant species. In this study, we tested the phylogenetic utility of nuclear (nrDNA) region (ITS2) with chloroplast (cpDNA) regions (matK, psbA-trnH, and rbcL) for efficient discrimination of Triticum species. A total of 109 accessions representing 16 recognized genotypes in the Triticum genus have been sampled to assess the efficiency of barcoding loci to resolve species discrimination. As expected from earlier studies, our results also revealed that a single locus has difficulty in discriminating Triticum species. Species discrimination in Triticum taxa was martially improved by using a combination of gene loci; however, the closely related species, T. aestivum and T. turgidum, had no DNA barcode to separate them. Thus, we recommend further research on finding species-specific SNP using intragenic regions as standard DNA barcode loci in Poaceae.

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• Valorizing Traditional Greek Wheat Varieties: Phylogenetic Profile and Biochemical Analysis of Their Nutritional Value
  Niki Mougiou, Spyros Didos, Ioanna Bouzouka, Athina Theodorakopoulou, Michael Kornaros, Ioannis Mylonas, Anagnostis Argiriou
  Agronomy.2023; 13(11): 2703.     CrossRef
• Multilocus marker-based delimitation of Salicornia persica and its population discrimination assisted by supervised machine learning approach
  Rahul Jamdade, Khawla Al-Shaer, Mariam Al-Sallani, Eman Al-Harthi, Tamer Mahmoud, Sanjay Gairola, Hatem A. Shabana, Branislav T. Šiler
  PLOS ONE.2022; 17(7): e0270463.     CrossRef
• In vitro propagation for conservation and genetic fidelity of the near threatened Dimocarpus longan plant
  Manal El-salato Ala El-naby Ahmed
  Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology.2022; 20(1): 130.     CrossRef
• Association analysis and evaluation of genetic diversity in wheat genotypes using SSR markers
  S. Farhangian-kashani, A. Azadi, Sh. Khaghani, M. Changizi, M. Gomarian
  Biologia Futura.2021; 72(4): 441.     CrossRef
• Genotyping-by-Sequencing Derived Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Provide the First Well-Resolved Phylogeny for the Genus Triticum (Poaceae)
  Do Yoon Hyun, Raveendar Sebastin, Kyung Jun Lee, Gi-An Lee, Myoung-Jae Shin, Seong Hoon Kim, Jung-Ro Lee, Gyu-Taek Cho
  Frontiers in Plant Science.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
• In vitro propagation and DNA barcode analysis of the endangered Silene schimperiana in Saint Katherine protectorate
  Heba El-Sayed Ghareb, Shafik Darwish Ibrahim, Ghada Abd El-Moneim Hegazi
  Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology.2020; 18(1): 41.     CrossRef

Cherry tomatoes are highly nutritious, flavory with a pleasant taste and are becoming increasingly popular to the consumers. The cherry tomato cv. ‘Minichal’ produced some dwarf plants along with normal plants. Lignin, a phenolic biopolymer is the key component of cell walls in plants. Here, we analyzed lignin biosynthesis-related genes in leaves, inflorescences and fruits of dwarf and normal cherry tomato plants by reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Among analyzed genes, SlCCOAOMT1, SlCCOAOMT2, SlCCOAOMT3, SlF5H, and SlCOMT showed significantly higher expressions, in leaf and inflorescence of dwarf plants compared with the normal plants, while SlPAL1 showed a significantly higher expression only in the leaves. On the contrary, SlHCT and SlC3H showed significantly lower expression levels in the leaves and inflorescences of dwarf plants compared with normal ones. The results suggest that SlHCT and SlC3H might have an impact on the dwarf cherry tomato plants.

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• Joint Impacts of Meloidogyne incognita and Soil Nutrition on Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme
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• A response of biomass and nutrient allocation to the combined effects of soil nutrient, arbuscular mycorrhizal, and root-knot nematode in cherry tomato
  Lei Wang, Xin Chen, Xingfu Yan, Congli Wang, Pingting Guan, Zhanhui Tang
  Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Nutrients Regulate the Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on the Growth and Reproduction of Cherry Tomato
  Lei Wang, Xin Chen, Yeqin Du, Di Zhang, Zhanhui Tang
  Frontiers in Microbiology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef

Perilla species (Lamiaceae) have been used as a resource for oilseeds and vegetables, and medicinal purposes. Cytogenetic studies based on chromosomal composition are essential to understand the basic genome structure of a species and to provide vital information for crop improvements. However, only a few studies have assessed the cytogenetic aspects of Perilla species. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) karyotypes using 5S and 45S rDNA probes were analyzed for the wild and cultivated species of Perilla: P. citriodora and P. frutescens. Chromosome complements were diploid in P. citriodora and allotetraploid in P. frutescens. The chromosome length ranged from 3.07 to 4.92 μm and 2.41 to 5.73 μm in the diploid and allotetraploid variants, respectively. The karyotypic formula was 2n = 12m + 8sm (2 satellites) for P. citriodora and 2n = 20m + 20sm (2 satellites) for P. frutescens. A pair of 5S signals was detected in the telomeric region of chromosome pair 7, while a pair of 45S rDNA signals was detected in the telomeric region extending through the satellite region of chromosome 2 of P. citriodora. However, two pairs of 5S signals were detected from the interstitial to the telomeric regions of chromosome 7 and 17, and a pair of 45S rDNA signals was located on the satellite region of chromosome 20 of P. frutescens. This result will provide useful information to develop a breeding program and to construct the chromosomal backbone for the ongoing genome sequence assembly project.

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Previously, we mapped the qSPP7 QTL affecting the number of spikelets per panicle (SPP) on rice chromosome 7 using near-isogenic line (NIL WH29001) derived from an interspecific cross between the japonica ‘Hwaseong’ and Oryza minuta. In the present study, we confirmed this QTL using progeny derived from a cross between IL102, a WH29001 sister line and Hwaseong. Genetic analysis determined that qSPP7 was located between a KASP marker KJ07–049 and RM21605. The O. minuta segment on chromosome 7 introgressed into the Hwaseong background was associated with an increase in SPP. The panicle structure of IL102 revealed that not only the number of SPP increased significantly, but also the number of branches per panicle increased as compared to Hwaseong suggesting that the donor allele of qSPP7 promotes branching in the genetic background of Hwaseong. Linkage analysis indicated that qEhd1 on chromosome 10 is involved in the difference in heading date of IL102 and Hwaseong. Experiments under 3 different day length conditions revealed that IL102 always showed earlier heading and higher SPP as compared to Hwaseong indicating that the effect of qSPP7 in the Hwaseong background was not dependent on photoperiod, and SPP increased in proportion to the number of days to heading.

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In salinity affected areas, variation in salinity level is the major cause of yield fluctuations in rice during the dry season (boro season). To sustain food security in Bangladesh, plant breeders need to develop new rice varieties which are higher yielding, salinity tolerant and stable across different environments. We evaluated the yield performance and stability of 51 rice elite genotypes including two salinity tolerant rice varieties (BRRI dhan67 and BINA dhan-10) and the dominant boro rice variety (BRRI dhan28) in three locations, including a salinity “hotspot”. Best linear unbiased predictions (BLUPs) were used to identify superior genotypes from multi-environment trials. Selection from a large set of candidates is required for evaluation and recommending a new variety for release. Estimated breeding values (EBVs) were used to select parents. Six parents with high EBVs (BR8982-5, IR 87870-6-1-1-1-1-B; BR8943-B-1-2-7, BR8940-B-17-4-7, A69-1 and BR8943-B-5-5-14) would be useful as parents to develop new breeding populations. To evaluate yield performance and stability across environments, we used additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model using a randomized complete block design with two replications. Genotype × environmental analysis was performed using GGE biplot analysis. Based on yield performance and stability, BR8982-5, IR 87870-6-1-1-1-1-B, BR8943-B-1-2-7, BR8940-B-17-4-7, A69-1 and BR8943-B-5-5-14 were promising across the tested environments, as they showed yield advantages over check varieties. The results in this study will be useful for selecting the elite lines suitable for salinity affected areas and parents for rapid breeding of salinity tolerance.

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Developing elite hybrid rice varieties is one important
objective
of rice breeding programs. Several genes related to male sterilities, restores, and pollinators have been identified through map-based gene cloning within natural variations of rice. These identified genes are good targets for introducing genetic traits in molecular breeding. This study was conducted to breed elite hybrid lines with major genes related to hybrid traits and disease/insect resistance in 240 genetic resources and F₁ hybrid combinations of rice. Molecular markers were reset for three major hybrid genes (S5, Rf3, Rf4) and thirteen disease/insect resistant genes (rice bacterial blight resistance genes Xa3, Xa4, xa5, Xa7, xa13, Xa21; blast resistance genes Pita, Pib, Pi5, Pii; brown planthopper resistant genes Bph18(t) and tungro virus resistance gene tsv1). Genotypes were then analyzed using molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS). Biological assay was then performed at the Red River Delta region in Vietnam using eleven F₁ hybrid combinations and two control vatieties. Results showed that nine F₁ hybrid combinations were highly resistant to rice bacterial blight and blast. Finally, eight F₁ hybrid rice varieties with resistance to disease/insect were selected from eleven F₁ hybrid combinations. Their characteristics such as agricultural traits and yields were then investigated. These F₁ hybrid rice varieties developed with major genes related to hybrid traits and disease/insect resistant genes could be useful for hybrid breeding programs to achieve high yield with biotic and abiotic resistance.

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Biochemical changes of CaMsrB2 expressing transgenic rice seed during germination in heavy metal stress condition were studied. Transgenic lines, L-8 (single copy) and L-23 (two copy), along with WT were evaluated under metal stress conditions. All the plants were treated with different metals and their two selected concentration. Final germination rate, changes in amylase activity, total protein, reducing and total sugar was observed in all treated and control samples. Metal stress showed considerable impact on final germination rate in CaMsrB2 expressing transgenic rice seed. Application of lead salt showed 100% germination in L-23 compared to Zn and Cu. However, maximum germination rate was recorded in L-23 seed when it was treated with 4 mM PbCl₂ and 0.5 mM CuCl₂ compared to WT. Amylase activity and total reducing sugar was increased in transgenic rice seed treated with 2 mM and 4 mM PbCl₂ as compared to WT. L-23 showed substantial increase in amylase activity and total reducing sugar compared to L-8 and WT. However, transgenic seeds treated with Zn and Cu showed substantial decreased in amylase activity and total reducing sugar with few exceptions. L-23 performed well regarding amylase activity and total reducing sugars in metal stress condition particularly in Pb as compared to Cu and Zn. CaMsrB2 expressing transgenic seed germination and their carbohydrate metabolism under metal stress condition were discussed. It was evident from the data that PbCl₂ showed better germination rate due to enhance amylase activity and carbohydrate mobilization of CaMsrB2 expressing transgenic seed as compared to Cu and Zn.

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