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Research Article

Expression Characteristics of LSH Genes in Brassica Suggest their Applicability for Modification of Leaf Morphology and the Use of their Promoter for Transgenesis

Xiangshu Dong1, Jeongyeo Lee1,2, Ill-Sup Nou3, Yoonkang Hur1,*
Plant Breeding and Biotechnology 2014;2(2):126-138.
Published online: June 30, 2014

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*Corresponding author: Yoonkang Hur, ykhur@cnu.ac.kr, Tel: +82-42-821-6279, Fax: +82-42-822-9690
• Received: May 23, 2014   • Revised: June 2, 2014   • Accepted: June 3, 2014

Copyright © 2014 The Korean Society of Breeding Science

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • The functions of DUF640/ALOG (Arabidopsis LSH1 and Oryza G1) domain proteins, which are found in most land plants, have not been well characterized, but some of these proteins regulate inflorescence architecture in rice and specify organ boundaries in Arabidopsis. Arabidopsis DUF640-domain genes are initially identified as LIGHT-SENSITIVE HYPOCOTYLS (LSH) genes. Chinese cabbage leaves have large, white midribs and photosynthetic leaf blades (or lamina). A DUF640 domain gene of Brassica rapa, BrLSH2, is specifically expressed in the midrib of Chinese cabbage. Arabidopsis and rice possess ten LSH family genes, but B. rapa has 24 LSH genes, which can be categorized into two or four groups based on sequence identity. Here, we examined the expression patterns of the LSHs in various Brassica species and analyzed the promoter sequence of the BrLHS2 gene. The transcript levels of most LSH genes were very high in the midrib but low in the leaf blade. These genes were evenly expressed throughout the petiole region of Korean cabbage and highly expressed in the leaf base region near the stem and in the border area in B. oleracea. In addition, BrLSHs were expressed in both bundle and mesophyll cells of the midrib. These expression patterns suggest the possible use of these genes to generate leafy vegetables with altered leaf morphology. The BrLSH2 promoter, which contains auxin- and cytokinin-responsive elements as well as leaf development-related elements, may confer midrib-specific expression, suggesting that this promoter may be useful for the production of midrib-targeted transgenic Chinese cabbage.
  • Key words: ALOG, DUF640, Leaf boundary, Leaf morphology, Midrib
DUF640 (domain of unknown function 640) domain genes, or ALOG (Arabidopsis LSH1 and Oryza G1) family genes, are found in land plants. DUF640 (InterPro: IPR006936) is also found in plant proteins including resistance protein-like protein. Ten ALOG family genes are present in rice and Arabidopsis (Yoshida et al. 2009; Cho et al. 2011). All members of this family have a highly conserved region and a nuclear localization signal (NLS), KKRK, flanking the C-terminal region of this domain. Although the precise function of the DUF640 motif (or ALOG) is still unclear, the roles of some of these genes have been studied in rice, Arabidopsis and tomato. ALOG genes regulate inflorescence architecture in rice and tomato (Yoshida et al. 2009, 2013; MacAlister et al. 2012; Yan et al. 2013), while they determine organ boundaries and influence light sensitivity in Arabidopsis (Zhao et al. 2004; Cho and Zambryski 2011; Takeda et al. 2011).
Rice LONG STERILE LEMMA (G1), the first identified ALOG gene from monocots, specifies the identity of the sterile lemma by repressing lemma identity via the regulation of downstream target genes (Yoshida et al. 2009). Another rice DUF640 domain gene, TRIANGULAR HULL1/BEAK- SHAPED GRAIN 1 (TH1/BSG1), determines grain shape and size by regulating cell division and extension of the lemma and palea (Li et al. 2012; Yan et al. 2013). TAWAWA1 (TAW1) encodes an ALOG family protein in rice and regulates inflorescence architecture, partly through promoting the expression of SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP)-like genes (Yoshida et al. 2013). Tomato TERMINATING FLOWER (™F), like rice TAW1, affects inflorescence organization (MacAlister et al. 2012), possibly by preventing the early expression of orthologous genes of Arabidopsis UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS (UFO), LEAFY (LFY), APETALLA 1 (AP1) and SEPALLATA (SEP), which contribute to promoting floral fate (Teo et al. 2014).
Arabidopsis contains ten ALOG or LSH (LIGHT-SENSITIVE HYPOCOTYLS) genes. LSH1 was first identified as Light-dependent Short Hypocotyl 1 (Zhao et al. 2004) and later renamed “Light-Sensitive Hypocotyls”. LSH1 is expressed in hypocotyls, shoot apices and lateral root primordia in Arabidopsis, and its overexpression leads to the hypersensitive response to various light wavelengths, with plants exhibiting short hypocotyls and enlarged cotyledons (Zhao et al. 2004). LSH3 and LSH4, known as ORGAN BOUNDARY 1 (OBO1) and OBO4, are Arabidopsis ALOG family genes that are expressed at the boundary of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and lateral organs (Cho et al. 2011; Takeda et al. 2011). LSH3 and LSH4 are activated by CUP-SHAPED COTYLDON 1 (CUC1) (Takeda et al. 2011) and might interact with UFO; constitutive expression of LSH3 and LSH4 partially mimics the phenotype exhibited by mutations in UFO [similar to the interaction between ™F and ANANTHA (AN), an ortholog of Arabidopsis UFO] (Teo et al. 2014). Taken together, these observations suggest that ALOG family proteins are important regulators that affect inflorescence architecture through mediating the transition status of SAM differentiation due to their roles in maintaining meristem indeterminacy and suppressing floral identity, together with the unique expression patterns of LSH and ™F genes (Teo et al. 2014).
Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) is one of the most important leafy vegetables in Asian countries including Korea. Compared to other plants, the leaf morphology of Chinese cabbage is quite peculiar, comprising a large midrib with a leaf blade but lacking a petiole when mature (Fig. 1A). The outer leaf of mature Chinese cabbage, i.e., the leaf blade and midrib, can be divided into source and sink tissues, respectively, with respect to photosynthesis. The B. rapa LSH2 gene (Brapa_ESTC024477 for Br300K array = Bra040188 for http://brassicadb.org/brad/) is specifically expressed in midribs throughout the day (Fig. 1B). In the current study, we examined the expression patterns of LSH family genes in various Brassica species. In addition, we discuss the possible application of these genes to biotechnology.
Plant materials
Seeds of the Brassica rapa inbred lines ‘Chiifu’ and ‘Kenshin’ were obtained from Korea Brassica rapa Genome Resource Bank (KBGRB), and other seeds were purchased from a local market. The plants were grown in a greenhouse at Chungnam National University. Leaf tissues were sampled, frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −70°C until use.
RNA isolation and microarray analysis
Total RNA was isolated from midrib and leaf blade tissues using an Easy-BLUE™ Total RNA Extraction Kit (Invitrogen, U.S.A.) and purified using an RNeasy MinElute™ Cleanup Kit (Qiagen, Germany). Microarray experiments were carried out as described by Dong et al. (2013); the full results of the analysis have not yet been published. To assess the reproducibility of the microarray analysis, the experiment was repeated twice with total RNAs from independent cultures and treatments. Normality of Cy3 intensities was tested with the qqline function in R Statistical Software. Data were subsequently normalized with cubic spline normalization using quantiles to adjust signal variations among chips from the robust multi-chip analysis and a median polish algorithm implemented in NimbleScan. Finally, the average value from the perfect match (PM) values of six probes was used to select responsive genes.
Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis
The total RNA from each plant sample amounting to 5 μg was combined with random hexamer primers in a Super Script first-strand cDNA synthesis system according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Invitrogen, U.S.A.). Complementary DNA was diluted 10-fold, and 1 μl of the diluted cDNA was used in each 20 μl PCR mixture. RT-PCR primers were designed using sequence information from Arabidopsis thaliana, B. rapa and B. oleracea (Table 1). Primer sequences used in this experiment are listed in Table 2, and the primer set used for the control was designed based on B. rapa actin1 (BrACT1) (Forward sequence = 5′-ACACC-ATGATGTCTTGGCCTACCA and reverse sequence = 5′-AATGGTACCGGAATGGTCAAGGCT). Standard PCR was performed, with 5 min denaturation at 94°C followed by 25 cycles of 94°C for 30 s, 54°C for 30 s and 72°C for 60 s. The PCR products were analyzed following electrophoresis on a 1.5% agarose gel.
Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree construction
Multiple sequence alignments were conducted using ClustalX2.0 (Larkin et al. 2007). The phylogenetic tree, based on the LSH coding sequences (CDs), was constructed using the neighbor-joining (NJ) method. NJ trees were constructed using MEGA6 (http://www.megasoftware.net/) with the ‘pairwise deletion’ option and ‘Kimura 2-Parameter’ model, with a bootstrap test of 1,000 replicates (Tamura et al. 2013).
Promoter analysis
To analyze cis-acting elements of BrLSH2, a ca. 3,200 bp sequence upstream of the LSH2 ATG start codon, which was obtained from BRAD (http://brassicadb.org/), was analyzed with PlantPAN (Chang et al. 2008) and PLACE (Higo et al. 1999). Several important motifs are indicated in the figure.
LSH genes from B. rapa and B. oleracea
A total of 24 B. rapa LSH (BrLSH) genes corresponding to ten Arabidopsis genes were found in the BRAD database (http://brassicadb.org/brad/), with no ortholog of AtLSH8 detected (Table 1). A similar number of LSH genes may be present in another Brassica species, B. oleracea. To examine the relationship among the members of the LSH multigene family, we constructed an NJ tree using ClustalX2.0 and MEGA6 software (Larkin et al. 2007; Tamura et al. 2013) (Fig. 1). As shown in Figure 1, all LSH family genes could be divided into two large groups; one group includes LSH1, 2, 3 and 4, while the other includes LSH5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10. The genes were further divided into four groups: LSH1 and 2; LSH3 and 4; LSH5 and 6; and LSH7, 8, 9 and 10. This classification reflects both the functional redundancy and divergence of the LSH gene family.
Expression of LSH genes from various Brassica species
To examine the expression characteristics of LSH genes from diverse Brassica species, we performed RT-PCR analysis with a common primer set and an allele-specific primer set for each LSH gene of B. rapa (Table 2 and Fig. 3). The common primer set could be applied to all Brassica species because it was designed from a highly conserved region among Brassica genes, including Arabidopsis sequences. As shown in Figure 3, LSH genes were specifically induced in the midribs of all Brassica species examined. However, LSH5-2, LSH5-3, LSH7s and LSH9s were expressed at very low levels. Unexpectedly, although LSH8 is not present in the B. rapa genome, we detected LSH8 transcripts in this species, implying possible contamination of other LSH gene products, such as LSH7, which is most closely related to LSH8 (Fig. 2).
To investigate whether the expression of LSH genes occurs in photosynthetic or sink tissues, various tissues of B. rapa were subjected to RT-PCR analysis (Fig. 4). Outer leaves, middle leaves and inner non-photosynthetic leaves from ‘Heissen’ (F1 Korean cultivar) and green cabbage (F1 Chinese cultivar) were sampled when they formed heads. In addition, the midribs of ‘Heissen’ leaves were further dissected into vascular bundles and mesophyll cells. LSH genes were predominantly expressed in midribs from all parts of the plant. There was no difference in LSH gene expression between mesophyll cells and vascular bundles, while LSH6 was more highly expressed in vascular bundles than in mesophyll cells. Detection of LSH transcripts in blades may have been due to the presence of veins in this tissue or PCR cycles. These results indicate that the expression of LSH is not related to the photosynthetic status of the tissue but is, instead, midrib-specific.
To examine LSH gene expression in different parts of the petiole, we performed RT-PCR analysis of Korean cabbage leaves, which have relatively long petiole-like midribs (Fig. 5). As shown in Figure 5, LSH genes were evenly expressed throughout all areas of the petiole region but not in the blade. The levels of LSH3 and LSH9 expression were relatively low, indicating that different LSH genes are expressed at different levels in various Brassica species.
Expression of LSH genes in B. oleracea
Changes in leaf morphology in B. oleracea are quite dramatic throughout development, ranging from long petioles in young seedlings to blade-like petioles to no petiole-like structures during head formation (left panel of Fig. 6). The expression levels of LSHs were high in the midrib and petiole and relatively low in the leaf blade. The most interesting finding was that we could detect expression of LSHs in both the midrib and leaf blade in samples harvested from the bottom halves of leaves. In particular, LSH1 and LSH2 were highly expressed in the 6th to 13th leaf blade portions (Bo-2L, Bo-3L and Bo-4L) in the bottom halves of leaves. These results indicate that the LSH genes are highly expressed in the leaf base region near the stem or border area in B. oleracea.
To further dissect the gene expression patterns in B. oleracea, we separated a cabbage leaf into 14 sections and subjected the sections to RT-PCR analysis (Fig. 7). All LSH genes were highly expressed in the midrib, and the expression of most of the genes was relatively high in the basal parts of the leaf blade. Only low or very low transcript levels were detected in parts 9 and 10. Compared to B. rapa, cabbage leaves contain relatively large veins derived from the midrib, which may affect the expression of LSH. These results, along with those shown in Figure 6, indicate that LSH genes are highly expressed in the basal parts of cabbage leaves.
Analysis of the BrLSH2 gene promoter
To understand why LSH genes were specifically expressed in the midrib, we analyzed cis-acting elements in the B. rapa LSH2 gene (BrLSH2) promoter, which shows the most prominent expression in the midrib compared to the leaf blade. The region 3,159 nucleotides upstream of BrLSH2 contains 527 motifs corresponding to 67 transcription factors (data not shown). Among these, we identified the binding sites of eight transcription factors (auxin responsive: ARF and ARFAT, cytokinin response: ARR10 and ARR1AT, leaf development: ATHB1, ATHB1ATconsensus, ATHB2 and ATHB9), whose positions are shown in Figure 8. These elements appear to be associated with leaf development or differentiation. Except for ATGB-2 and ATHB1ATconsensus, most elements are present at multiple sites. All cis-elements are present within 1,700 nt of the ATG start codon, indicating that this region may confer midrib-specific expression of the BrLSH2 gene.
Functions of DUF640 domain proteins
Although the precise functions of DUF640 domain (or ALOG) proteins have not yet been defined, there are four possible roles for these proteins based on published information, as follows: regulation of inflorescence architecture, determination of organ identity and differentiation, transport of RNA, and sensing of invading DNA. ALOG genes control inflorescence architecture in rice and tomato (Yoshida et al. 2009, 2013; Li et al. 2012; MacAlister et al. 2012; Yan et al. 2013; Teo et al. 2014). Arabidopsis genes are expressed at the boundary region of the SAM and lateral organs, indicating their function in organ identity (Cho et al. 2011; Takeda et al. 2011). Moreover, sequence analysis of ALOG domains suggests that they help establish organ identity and differentiation by binding to specific DNA sequences and acting as transcription factors or recruiters of repressive chromatin (Iyer and Aravind 2012). The current expression data also support the notion that all LSH genes play a role in leaf formation and in determining the boundary between the leaf and the stem.
Solanum tuberosum LSH10 (StLSH10) encodes an RNA-binding protein (B5RBP3) that binds to the 3′UTR of StBEL5, a mobile RNA that controls tuber formation (Cho et al. 2012; Lin et al. 2013). StBEL5 RNA is highly abundant in petioles, where it moves long distances through the phloem (Cho et al. 2012). RBPs are commonly detected in companion cells and sieve elements of leaf veins where they serve as chaperones of mobile RNAs. The RNA levels of B5RBP3 (StLSH10) are remarkably low in leaves but extremely high in petioles, stolons and young tubers, suggesting that this protein plays a role in RNA transport as well as tuber development (Cho et al. 2012). The expression patterns of LSH genes detected in the current study, i.e., high levels of LSH transcripts in petioles and low levels in leaf blades, suggest that Brassica LSHs function in long-distance RNA transport. However, the levels of BrLSHs transcripts were high in both bundle sheath cells and mesophyll cells of the midrib (Fig. 4), suggesting that BrLSHs play different roles from those of potato LSH10.
The ALOG domain is present in certain plant defense proteins, and domain analysis can help predict whether proteins might function as DNA sensors to detect invading DNA (Iyer and Aranid 2012). Based on the expression data, we cannot yet determine whether Brassica LSHs also participate in this defense response.
Midrib development
Midrib, the largest vein in a leaf, runs through the middle of the leaf and sometimes becomes the petiole. The midrib helps keep the leaf in an upright position and conducts foods and water via its vascular bundles. Several recent reviews have focused on the development of leaf morphology (Byrne 2012; Fambrini and Pugliesi 2013), but no study on midrib development in dicots has been reported. Several such studies have been performed in monocotyledons, such as rice and sorghum. In rice, the well-studied DROOPING LEAF (DL) gene regulates midrib development (Yamaguchi et al. 2004; Ohmori et al. 2011). Moreover, the morphologies of the leaves of several Arabidopsis mutants are similar to that of mature Chinese cabbage leaves, including plants harboring mutations in LEAFY PETIOLE (LEP) (van der Graaff et al. 2000), JAGGED (JAG) (Ohno et al. 2004), BLADE-ON-PETION1 (BOP1) and BOP2 (Ha et al. 2003, 2007; Hepworth et al. 2005). In the current study, the expression pattern of BOP1 resembled that of LSH (data not shown), suggesting a possible interaction between these genes. Perhaps, LSHs interact with known gene products that regulate leaf shape and development.
Recent work has revealed that CUC1 activates the expression of LSH3 and LSH4, which are specifically expressed in the boundary cells of various shoot organs, such as cotyledons, leaves and floral organs (Takeda et al. 2011), indicating that CUC1 is an upstream transcription factor of LSH3 and LSH4. Therefore, further studies should focus on identifying other upstream genes, as well as downstream genes, of LSHs.
Promoter analysis and possible applications
As shown in Figure 8, major transcription factor-binding sites are related to the auxin response, the cytokinin response and leaf development. The plant hormone auxin affects plant growth and differentiation. The meristem-active regulatory genes WUSCHEL (WUS) and SHOOTERMRISTEMLESS (S™), which contain cytokinin-response regulator binding motifs (ARR1AT) and auxin-responsive elements, are highly expressed in leaf veins (Bao et al. 2009), indicating that these elements may be related to midrib specificity or midrib differentiation. ATHB1 and ATHB2 are involved in the regulation of leaf development (Aoyama et al. 1995) and the adaxial identity of subsequently formed organs (Turchi et al. 2013), respectively. These observations suggest that the region 1,700 nt upstream of the ATG start codon of BrLSH2 may contain a cis-element required for leaf boundary formation or identity that can be used as a midrib-specific promoter.
Bacterial soft rot is the most severe and destructive disease of various crops including Brassica family members. Chinese cabbage is highly susceptible to soft rot disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc) (Ren et al. 2001; Zhang et al. 2007). Infection tests have largely been carried out by midrib inoculation of Brassica (Vanjildorj et al. 2009; Park et al. 2012), because infection starts at the stem or petiole. The analysis of the BrLSH2 promoter performed in the current study suggests that this promoter can be used for the generation of transgenic plants exhibiting soft rot resistance. We are currently analyzing the BrLSH2 promoter and the up- and down-stream of genes of LSHs.
This work was supported by a grant from the Next- Generation BioGreen 21 Program (the Next-Generation Genomics Center No. PJ008118), RDA and by a grant National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF; 2012R1A-1A4A01012074).
Fig. 1
Leaf morphology of Chinese cabbage (A) and levels of LIGHT-SENSITIVE HYPOCOTYLS (LSH)2 transcripts measured throughout the day (B). Transcript levels were obtained from B. rapa inbred line ‘Chiifu’ using a Br300K microarray (Dong et al. 2013). Probe intensity (hybridization) values are shown at the top of the graph.
pbb-02-126f1.jpg
Fig. 2
Phylogenetic relationships of LIGHT-SENSITIVE HYPOCOTYLS (LSH) gene families from several species. Trees were constructed using the NJ (neighbor-joining) method in MEGA (version 6.0). Red squares indicate genes from Arabidopsis. Br and Bo stand for B. rapa and B. oleracea, respectively. Numbers 1 to 10 indicate that the LSH gene families can be classified into ten groups.
pbb-02-126f2.jpg
Fig. 3
Expression levels of LIGHT-SENSITIVE HYPOCOTYLS (LSH) genes in midrib (M) and leaf blade (L) tissues of various Brassica species. Abbreviations are as follows: Chiifu (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis, DH line Chiifu), Kenshin (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis, DH line Kenshin), Pakchoi (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis), Brapha (Brassicoraphanus), Kc (Korean cabbage), Bo-10 (B. oleracea 10 days old), M (midrib) and L (leaf blade). Gene names without Br indicate transcripts amplified by common primer sets.
pbb-02-126f3.jpg
Fig. 4
Expression profiles of LIGHT-SENSITIVE HYPOCOTYLS (LHS) genes in various tissues of Brassica rapa cultivars ‘Heissen’ (A, B, E) and Green cabbage (C, D). Blade (L) and midrib (M) tissues were sampled from outer (O), middle (M) and inner (I) leaves. E shows longitudinal (ls) and cross (cs) sections of ‘Heissen’ outer leaf midrib.
pbb-02-126f4.jpg
Fig. 5
Expression of LIGHT-SENSITIVE HYPOCOTYLS (LSH) genes in various parts of Korean cabbage leaves. Korean cabbage (Brassica lee ssp. namai), the progeny of a cross between Brassica rapa and B. oleracea, exhibits extremely long petioles (or extended midribs).
pbb-02-126f5.jpg
Fig. 6
Expression of LIGHT-SENSITIVE HYPOCOTYLS (LSH) genes in various B. oleracea tissues, beginning at the heading stage. Midrib (M) and leaf blade (L) tissues were sampled from 20-day-old B. oleracea plants (Bo-M, L, no photograph). Bo1, Bo2, Bo3 and Bo4 indicate 3rd, 6th, 10th and 13th leaves of 80-day-old plants (top middle), respectively. The sampled parts are indicated in the photographs.
pbb-02-126f6.jpg
Fig. 7
Expression of LIGHT-SENSITIVE HYPOCOTYLS (LSH) genes in different parts of a cabbage leaf. Samples were selected from 14 parts of a leaf, as indicated in the photograph.
pbb-02-126f7.jpg
Fig. 8
Organization of cis-elements in the promoter region of BrLSH2 (Bra040188). Cis-elements were identified using PlantPAN (Chang et al. 2008) and PLACE (Higo et al. 1999).
pbb-02-126f8.jpg
Table 1
List of DUF640 superfamily (LSH: LIGHT-SENSITIVE HYPOCOTYLS) genes from Arabidopsis, B. rapa and B. oleracea. Numbers 1, 2 and 3 after the gene name indicate the highest to lowest identity to Arabidopsis sequences. Br_Locus and Bo_Locus (Bol) were obtained by BlastN at http://brassicadb.org/brad/ against the Arabidopsis sequence. RNA_Seq Id of B. oleracea are unpublished data.
Table 1
Arabidopsis thaliana Brassica rapa Brassica oleracea
Gene name At_Locus Gene name Br_Locus Gene name Bo_Locus RNA_ Seq Id
AtLSH1 AT5G28490 BrLSH1-1 Bra020610 BoLSH1-1 - Locus_22975
BrLSH1-2 Bra009997 BoLSH1-2 - -
BrLSH1-3 Bra036134 BoLSH1-3 Bol032364 Locus_36030
AtLSH2 AT3G04510 BrLSH2-1 Bra040188 BoLSH2-1 - Locus_48663
BrLSH2-2 Bra040137 BoLSH2-2 - Locus_27811/Locus_52336
BrLSH2-3 Bra001109 - - -
AtLSH3 AT2G31160 BrLSH3-1 Bra018263 BoLSH3-1 Bol008257 Locus_49179
BrLSH3-2 Bra021707 BoLSH3-2 - Locus_10104
AtLSH4 AT3G23290 BrLSH4-1 Bra014935 BoLSH4-1 Bol037267 Locus_9116
BrLSH4-2 Bra023738 BoLSH4-2 Bol028747 Locus_19519
AtLSH5 AT5G58500 BrLSH5-1 Bra020365 BoLSH5-1 Bol015532 Locus_16670
BrLSH5-2 Bra002642 BoLSH5-2 Bol016895 -
BrLSH5-3 Bra002644 BoLSH5-3 Bol016897 -
AtLSH6 AT1G07090 BrLSH6-1 Bra015551 BoLSH6-1 Bol041101 Locus_13192
BrLSH6-2 Bra031552 BoLSH6-2 - Locus_21750
AtLSH7 AT1G78815 BrLSH7-1 Bra035066 BoLSH7-1 Bol038483 Locus_51379
BrLSH7-2 Bra008382 BoLSH7-2 Bol021549 Locus_15825
BrLSH7-3 Bra003637 BoLSH7-3 - -
AtLSH8 AT1G16910 - - - - -
AtLSH9 AT4G18610 BrLSH9-1 Bra021000 BoLSH8-1 Bol009398 Locus_39945
BrLSH9-2 Bra013330 BoLSH8-2 Bol029905 Locus_9841
BrLSH9-3 Bra012584 BoLSH8-3 Bol024421 Locus_14109
AtLSH10 AT2G42610 BrLSH10-1 Bra016865 BoLSH10-1 - Locus_52096/Locus_40164/Locus_55288
BrLSH10-2 Bra000269 BoLSH10-2 - Locus_25548/Locus_27130
BrLSH10-3 Bra004711 - - -
Table 2
Primer sequences used in RT-PCR experiments. Three to four reverse primer sequences for LIGHT-SENSITIVE HYPOCOTYLS (LSH) genes (except LSH8) were used to distinguish alleles, but one common forward primer was used. Among reverse primers, LSH-R primers were used to amplify all LSH genes from any Brassica species. LSH-R primers were designed with identical sequences among Arabidopsis, B. rapa and B. oleracea. However, BrLSH primers were specific for each allele of each LSH gene (to distinguish each allele). LSH8 primers were designed based on Arabidopsis and Eutrema salsugineum genes.
Table 2
Gene name Forward primer Reverse primer
Name Sequence (5′→3′) Name Sequence (5′→3′)
LSH1 LSH1-F CCGCCTACGAGGAGAACGGT LSH1-R TTGCACCCGAGTAATTAGCCATC
BrLSH1-1 CGGCTGCGTCTGCGATAG
BrLSH1-2 GCTGCTGTTCTTGTTGTTGCTGC
BrLSH1-3 GTGGCTGCGTCTGCGGTAA
LSH2 LSH2-F GAYTGGAACACTTTCTGCCAATACCT LSH2-R TCCACCGTTCTCCTCGTAGGC
BrLSH2-1 GGCCTTGCTGTTGCTGCTCTA
BrLSH2-2 CTTCTCTCTCATGCTGATGCTGTTGT
BrLSH2-3 TGTAGAGGCGGCTGCAAACAC
LSH3 LSH3-F TCGGTAAGACAAAAGTCCACACGA LSH3-R CTAGCTACGGCGGAGGAAGAAGA
BrLSH3-1 TCACTTCTCAAGGTTTGATATTTGGG
BrLSH3-2 GAGGCCGACAACTGAGGAACC
LSH4 LSH4-F RTTYCTCAGGTACCTCGACCAATT LSH4-R CACGYGCTTTAGCCTGCGA
BrLSH4-1 TTAGGGCTACTGGAAATCACCGAG
BrLSH4-2 CTATTCGAAATCCCCGGCTGA
LSH5 LSH5-F AGTACCTCGACCAGTTTGGTAAGACC LSH5-R AAGGGTTTGACTCNGGAAGACCAC
BrLSH5-1 TCCATCATCGACGTTGGGAGTT
BrLSH5-2 CTCCATCATCGGCGTTTAGAGTC
BrLSH5-3 ATCCATCATGGGGATTTTGAGCT
LSH6 LSH6-F CGTTCTTGCAGTACCTCAAGAACC LSH6-R GACTYTCTCTGACTTCYCTCAAGTAAATCC
BrLSH6-1 TCACGGTGGTAACAGTTGTCGGT
BrLSH6-2 CGGTGGTGACAGTTGGTGCC
LSH7 LSH7-F ATGGCTAGTCMTAGCAACAAAGGC LSH7-R CTTSGCCTGTGAATCTCTCACTTC
BrLSH7-1 CAAGTTGGAGCTACTAGTCCCTGTAGTAC
BrLSH7-2 GTCCCTGCAGTACCATCTTCAACAT
BrLSH7-3 GCTACTAGTCCCCGTAGTATCATCTTCAA
LSH8 LSH8-F GCCGMGACTGGAACACGTTT LSH8-R AGCCGTCCGATCAAAGCATC
LSH9 LSH9-F CAAGCTTGTGTCTTCTTCGGACAA LSH9-R CACGAGCCTTGGCTTGAGATT
BrLSH9-1 CCTGTTCTTTTTCCTGTACGGAATC
BrLSH9-2 TCTCCTCTTCTTCTTCCTGTACGAAATT
BrLSH9-3 CCTCCTCTTCTTCTTCCTGTAAGGTATC
LSH10 LSH10-F ATCATCAGGATCAGAGCCACCGGT LSH10-R GCCTGACACTCCCTAACCTCCC
BrLSH10-1 CCACCACTCATCTCCGTCTTTG
BrLSH10-2 CAACCATCTCCGTAGTTGGCTG
BrLSH10-3 ACCCATCTCCGTCGTCGTTG
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Expression Characteristics of LSH Genes in Brassica Suggest their Applicability for Modification of Leaf Morphology and the Use of their Promoter for Transgenesis
Plant Breed. Biotech.. 2014;2(2):126-138.   Published online June 30, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/PBB.2014.2.2.126
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Expression Characteristics of LSH Genes in Brassica Suggest their Applicability for Modification of Leaf Morphology and the Use of their Promoter for Transgenesis
Plant Breed. Biotech.. 2014;2(2):126-138.   Published online June 30, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/PBB.2014.2.2.126
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Expression Characteristics of LSH Genes in Brassica Suggest their Applicability for Modification of Leaf Morphology and the Use of their Promoter for Transgenesis
Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image
Fig. 1 Leaf morphology of Chinese cabbage (A) and levels of LIGHT-SENSITIVE HYPOCOTYLS (LSH)2 transcripts measured throughout the day (B). Transcript levels were obtained from B. rapa inbred line ‘Chiifu’ using a Br300K microarray (Dong et al. 2013). Probe intensity (hybridization) values are shown at the top of the graph.
Fig. 2 Phylogenetic relationships of LIGHT-SENSITIVE HYPOCOTYLS (LSH) gene families from several species. Trees were constructed using the NJ (neighbor-joining) method in MEGA (version 6.0). Red squares indicate genes from Arabidopsis. Br and Bo stand for B. rapa and B. oleracea, respectively. Numbers 1 to 10 indicate that the LSH gene families can be classified into ten groups.
Fig. 3 Expression levels of LIGHT-SENSITIVE HYPOCOTYLS (LSH) genes in midrib (M) and leaf blade (L) tissues of various Brassica species. Abbreviations are as follows: Chiifu (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis, DH line Chiifu), Kenshin (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis, DH line Kenshin), Pakchoi (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis), Brapha (Brassicoraphanus), Kc (Korean cabbage), Bo-10 (B. oleracea 10 days old), M (midrib) and L (leaf blade). Gene names without Br indicate transcripts amplified by common primer sets.
Fig. 4 Expression profiles of LIGHT-SENSITIVE HYPOCOTYLS (LHS) genes in various tissues of Brassica rapa cultivars ‘Heissen’ (A, B, E) and Green cabbage (C, D). Blade (L) and midrib (M) tissues were sampled from outer (O), middle (M) and inner (I) leaves. E shows longitudinal (ls) and cross (cs) sections of ‘Heissen’ outer leaf midrib.
Fig. 5 Expression of LIGHT-SENSITIVE HYPOCOTYLS (LSH) genes in various parts of Korean cabbage leaves. Korean cabbage (Brassica lee ssp. namai), the progeny of a cross between Brassica rapa and B. oleracea, exhibits extremely long petioles (or extended midribs).
Fig. 6 Expression of LIGHT-SENSITIVE HYPOCOTYLS (LSH) genes in various B. oleracea tissues, beginning at the heading stage. Midrib (M) and leaf blade (L) tissues were sampled from 20-day-old B. oleracea plants (Bo-M, L, no photograph). Bo1, Bo2, Bo3 and Bo4 indicate 3rd, 6th, 10th and 13th leaves of 80-day-old plants (top middle), respectively. The sampled parts are indicated in the photographs.
Fig. 7 Expression of LIGHT-SENSITIVE HYPOCOTYLS (LSH) genes in different parts of a cabbage leaf. Samples were selected from 14 parts of a leaf, as indicated in the photograph.
Fig. 8 Organization of cis-elements in the promoter region of BrLSH2 (Bra040188). Cis-elements were identified using PlantPAN (Chang et al. 2008) and PLACE (Higo et al. 1999).

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Expression Characteristics of LSH Genes in Brassica Suggest their Applicability for Modification of Leaf Morphology and the Use of their Promoter for Transgenesis

List of DUF640 superfamily (LSH: LIGHT-SENSITIVE HYPOCOTYLS) genes from Arabidopsis, B. rapa and B. oleracea. Numbers 1, 2 and 3 after the gene name indicate the highest to lowest identity to Arabidopsis sequences. Br_Locus and Bo_Locus (Bol) were obtained by BlastN at http://brassicadb.org/brad/ against the Arabidopsis sequence. RNA_Seq Id of B. oleracea are unpublished data.

Arabidopsis thaliana Brassica rapa Brassica oleracea
Gene name At_Locus Gene name Br_Locus Gene name Bo_Locus RNA_ Seq Id
AtLSH1 AT5G28490 BrLSH1-1 Bra020610 BoLSH1-1 - Locus_22975
BrLSH1-2 Bra009997 BoLSH1-2 - -
BrLSH1-3 Bra036134 BoLSH1-3 Bol032364 Locus_36030
AtLSH2 AT3G04510 BrLSH2-1 Bra040188 BoLSH2-1 - Locus_48663
BrLSH2-2 Bra040137 BoLSH2-2 - Locus_27811/Locus_52336
BrLSH2-3 Bra001109 - - -
AtLSH3 AT2G31160 BrLSH3-1 Bra018263 BoLSH3-1 Bol008257 Locus_49179
BrLSH3-2 Bra021707 BoLSH3-2 - Locus_10104
AtLSH4 AT3G23290 BrLSH4-1 Bra014935 BoLSH4-1 Bol037267 Locus_9116
BrLSH4-2 Bra023738 BoLSH4-2 Bol028747 Locus_19519
AtLSH5 AT5G58500 BrLSH5-1 Bra020365 BoLSH5-1 Bol015532 Locus_16670
BrLSH5-2 Bra002642 BoLSH5-2 Bol016895 -
BrLSH5-3 Bra002644 BoLSH5-3 Bol016897 -
AtLSH6 AT1G07090 BrLSH6-1 Bra015551 BoLSH6-1 Bol041101 Locus_13192
BrLSH6-2 Bra031552 BoLSH6-2 - Locus_21750
AtLSH7 AT1G78815 BrLSH7-1 Bra035066 BoLSH7-1 Bol038483 Locus_51379
BrLSH7-2 Bra008382 BoLSH7-2 Bol021549 Locus_15825
BrLSH7-3 Bra003637 BoLSH7-3 - -
AtLSH8 AT1G16910 - - - - -
AtLSH9 AT4G18610 BrLSH9-1 Bra021000 BoLSH8-1 Bol009398 Locus_39945
BrLSH9-2 Bra013330 BoLSH8-2 Bol029905 Locus_9841
BrLSH9-3 Bra012584 BoLSH8-3 Bol024421 Locus_14109
AtLSH10 AT2G42610 BrLSH10-1 Bra016865 BoLSH10-1 - Locus_52096/Locus_40164/Locus_55288
BrLSH10-2 Bra000269 BoLSH10-2 - Locus_25548/Locus_27130
BrLSH10-3 Bra004711 - - -

Primer sequences used in RT-PCR experiments. Three to four reverse primer sequences for LIGHT-SENSITIVE HYPOCOTYLS (LSH) genes (except LSH8) were used to distinguish alleles, but one common forward primer was used. Among reverse primers, LSH-R primers were used to amplify all LSH genes from any Brassica species. LSH-R primers were designed with identical sequences among Arabidopsis, B. rapa and B. oleracea. However, BrLSH primers were specific for each allele of each LSH gene (to distinguish each allele). LSH8 primers were designed based on Arabidopsis and Eutrema salsugineum genes.

Gene name Forward primer Reverse primer
Name Sequence (5′→3′) Name Sequence (5′→3′)
LSH1 LSH1-F CCGCCTACGAGGAGAACGGT LSH1-R TTGCACCCGAGTAATTAGCCATC
BrLSH1-1 CGGCTGCGTCTGCGATAG
BrLSH1-2 GCTGCTGTTCTTGTTGTTGCTGC
BrLSH1-3 GTGGCTGCGTCTGCGGTAA
LSH2 LSH2-F GAYTGGAACACTTTCTGCCAATACCT LSH2-R TCCACCGTTCTCCTCGTAGGC
BrLSH2-1 GGCCTTGCTGTTGCTGCTCTA
BrLSH2-2 CTTCTCTCTCATGCTGATGCTGTTGT
BrLSH2-3 TGTAGAGGCGGCTGCAAACAC
LSH3 LSH3-F TCGGTAAGACAAAAGTCCACACGA LSH3-R CTAGCTACGGCGGAGGAAGAAGA
BrLSH3-1 TCACTTCTCAAGGTTTGATATTTGGG
BrLSH3-2 GAGGCCGACAACTGAGGAACC
LSH4 LSH4-F RTTYCTCAGGTACCTCGACCAATT LSH4-R CACGYGCTTTAGCCTGCGA
BrLSH4-1 TTAGGGCTACTGGAAATCACCGAG
BrLSH4-2 CTATTCGAAATCCCCGGCTGA
LSH5 LSH5-F AGTACCTCGACCAGTTTGGTAAGACC LSH5-R AAGGGTTTGACTCNGGAAGACCAC
BrLSH5-1 TCCATCATCGACGTTGGGAGTT
BrLSH5-2 CTCCATCATCGGCGTTTAGAGTC
BrLSH5-3 ATCCATCATGGGGATTTTGAGCT
LSH6 LSH6-F CGTTCTTGCAGTACCTCAAGAACC LSH6-R GACTYTCTCTGACTTCYCTCAAGTAAATCC
BrLSH6-1 TCACGGTGGTAACAGTTGTCGGT
BrLSH6-2 CGGTGGTGACAGTTGGTGCC
LSH7 LSH7-F ATGGCTAGTCMTAGCAACAAAGGC LSH7-R CTTSGCCTGTGAATCTCTCACTTC
BrLSH7-1 CAAGTTGGAGCTACTAGTCCCTGTAGTAC
BrLSH7-2 GTCCCTGCAGTACCATCTTCAACAT
BrLSH7-3 GCTACTAGTCCCCGTAGTATCATCTTCAA
LSH8 LSH8-F GCCGMGACTGGAACACGTTT LSH8-R AGCCGTCCGATCAAAGCATC
LSH9 LSH9-F CAAGCTTGTGTCTTCTTCGGACAA LSH9-R CACGAGCCTTGGCTTGAGATT
BrLSH9-1 CCTGTTCTTTTTCCTGTACGGAATC
BrLSH9-2 TCTCCTCTTCTTCTTCCTGTACGAAATT
BrLSH9-3 CCTCCTCTTCTTCTTCCTGTAAGGTATC
LSH10 LSH10-F ATCATCAGGATCAGAGCCACCGGT LSH10-R GCCTGACACTCCCTAACCTCCC
BrLSH10-1 CCACCACTCATCTCCGTCTTTG
BrLSH10-2 CAACCATCTCCGTAGTTGGCTG
BrLSH10-3 ACCCATCTCCGTCGTCGTTG
Table 1 List of DUF640 superfamily (LSH: LIGHT-SENSITIVE HYPOCOTYLS) genes from Arabidopsis, B. rapa and B. oleracea. Numbers 1, 2 and 3 after the gene name indicate the highest to lowest identity to Arabidopsis sequences. Br_Locus and Bo_Locus (Bol) were obtained by BlastN at http://brassicadb.org/brad/ against the Arabidopsis sequence. RNA_Seq Id of B. oleracea are unpublished data.
Table 2 Primer sequences used in RT-PCR experiments. Three to four reverse primer sequences for LIGHT-SENSITIVE HYPOCOTYLS (LSH) genes (except LSH8) were used to distinguish alleles, but one common forward primer was used. Among reverse primers, LSH-R primers were used to amplify all LSH genes from any Brassica species. LSH-R primers were designed with identical sequences among Arabidopsis, B. rapa and B. oleracea. However, BrLSH primers were specific for each allele of each LSH gene (to distinguish each allele). LSH8 primers were designed based on Arabidopsis and Eutrema salsugineum genes.

Table 1

Table 2

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