Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L.) is a nutrient-rich tropical legume with considerable potential to improve food security in tropical regions. However, breeding programs for purple-podded winged bean remain limited due to insufficient information on key genetic parameters. This study aimed to assess heritability, expected genetic gain, trait correlations, and path analysis in advanced purple-podded winged bean lines. Ten breeding lines derived from crosses of Indonesian landraces were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Traits observed included days to flowering, days to harvest, fruit set, pod width, pod length, pod weight, pod weight per plant, number of seeds per pod, and yield potential. The results revealed high broad-sense heritability (>0.5) for all traits, with the highest values observed for pod length (0.96), pod width (0.95), and fruit set (0.90). Expected genetic gain was highest for fruit set (35.20%), pod weight per plant (34.44%), and yield potential (34.44%). Correlation analysis indicated strong positive relationships between days to flowering and days to harvest (r = 0.90), while yield potential showed a perfect correlation with pod weight per plant (r = 1.00). Path analysis revealed positive direct effects of fruit set (0.478) and pod weight (0.310) on pod weight per plant, whereas number of seeds per pod had a negative direct effect (-0.429). Genotypes MNN 1122 and PLB 2324 exhibited the highest yield potentials (8.58 and 7.63 t ha^-1, respectively). These findings provide important genetic insights for the development of high-yielding purple-podded winged bean varieties.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important commodity with a major influence on the country's economy. Plant breeding activities must be conducted to develop high-yielding potential genotypes with desired agronomic traits. The purpose of this research is to study the heritability and coheritability of agronomic traits as well as to study the direct and indirect effects through genotypic and phenotypic correlations among agronomic traits contributing to yield on genotypes of rice. The research was carried out from March to July 2022 at the Experimental Field of the Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University, Jatimulyo, Lowokwaru, Malang, East Java. Ten genotypes of rice were used as genetic materials. The research used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) method with 3 replications. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance, analysis of covariance, and path analysis. The results revealed that there were very significant differences among upland rice genotypes for all observed traits. All observed agronomic traits had high heritability estimates. Plant height with time of inflorescence emergence had the highest coheritability, and flag leaf length with yield per plot had the lowest coheritability. The traits of the number of spikelets per panicle and weight of milled dry grains positively correlated with yield. Weight of milled dry grains had the highest positive direct effect through genotypic correlation and phenotypic correlation with yield.

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A two-year factorial arranged field experiment in randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out in 2014 and 2015 at Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Teaching and Research Farm, Umudike (latitude 05° 29′N; longitude 07° 33′E; altitude 122 m above sea level), Nigeria. The
objective
s were to assess growth and yield response of twenty newly released cowpea genotypes to different planting dates (July, August and September). Plant height, number of leaves/plant, number of branches/plant, shoot biomass, total dry matter, number of nodules/plant, weight of pod, number of seeds/pod, seed weight/pod and grain yield varied amongst the genotypes and across the different planting dates in both years. The association between grain yield and other variables analysed across both years was significant and positive except 100-seed weight and the phenological characters of the plant. Path coefficients analysis across two years indicated that seed weight/pod followed by number of branches/plant and number of seeds/pod had positive direct effect on grain yield of cowpea in contrast to characters that exhibited negative but direct effect on yield. The other traits had relatively negligible to low indirect effects that were positive through other component traits. The grain yield sequence of interaction between genotype and date of planting was in this order: IT06K-141 planted in July > IT11K-61-82 planted in September > IT99K-573-1-1 planted in August. IT06K-141 genotype was considered to be better endowed genetically while the mean across both years indicated August as appropriate planting date to ensure high and sustainable grain yield.