A total of 857 rice breed lines were used to evaluate rice blast resistance. Frequency of leaf spot index was skewed to the right of the 1-9 scale in bar plot, with a score of 7 showing the highest frequency. The average spot index score of 857 breed lines was 5.33. Associations showing higher than the threshold of ‒log10(P) = 5.17 were detected as significant associations. Significantly associated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers located within ± 250 kb on the lead SNP position was designated to one QTL locus of lead SNP markers. Five association loci were detected. Two associated QTLs detected on Chr. 4 were designated as qRB4.1 and qRB422, explaining 17.8% and 14.3% of total phenotypic variations, respectively. Associated QTLs detected on Chr. 1, 11, and 12 (one each) designated as qRB1, qRB11 and qRB12 explained 44.6%, 9.09%, and 13.7% of total phenotypic variations, respectively. We compared previously reported QTLs. The location of qRB4.2 was overlapped with the previously reported QTL for blast field resistance. The location of qRB12 was also overlapped with the field resistance leaf blast. The other one, qRB4.1, was overlapped with bacterial blight resistance.

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• Genome-Wide Association Study of Body Conformation Traits in Tashi Goats (Capra hircus)
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Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple crop in Korea, which is cultivated over 700,000 ha and produces a half million tons of rice every year. Rice research and varietal improvement have been dynamic, changing in line with public demands and needs. Since the 1970s, plant architecture has been improved to increase yield components. In the 2000s, a new emphasis was placed on grain quality and biotic and abiotic stress resistance, and the rice varieties became more diversified according to reduced consumption and increased demands of processing industries. As a result of extensive research, 232 (71.4%) were categorized as good quality for eating in rice bowls, 27 (8.3%) were high yielding, and 21 varieties (6.5%) were for waxy rice among 325 varieties. The culm length was continuously reduced for lodging resistance, and panicle length and number of seeds per panicle increased. Finally, milled rice yields increased by 13% from 491 kg/10a in the 1980s to 555 kg/10a in the 2010s. One of the potential risks in Korean rice breeding is the narrow pool of genetic diversity. The parental origins of 325 Korean varieties show that 66% of the varieties originate from two Korean-bred stocks and 26% of the varieties have at least one parent from Japanese stocks. The limited genetic diversity has a negative influence on hybrid vigor and may lead to potential problems for Korean rice breeding in the future.

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Panax ginseng has been one of the most important herbal medicines used in Eastern Asia. Recently, various molecular markers have been developed to authenticate Panax species, but these markers cannot differentiate the exact varieties or variants of Korean ginseng cultivars. In this study, six cultivars of Korean ginseng (Chunpoong, Yunpoong, Gopoong, Gumpoong, Jakyung, and Hwangsook), P. quinquefolius, and P. notoginseng were differentiated by simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker development. Specific primer sets were designed for the 54 candidate sequences containing SSRs that were predicted. Finally, eight polymorphic SSR loci were developed. DNA fragment analysis was performed using fluorescence-labelled primers for the amplicons. Reproducibility tests were carried out using multiple samples of Korean ginseng cultivars and Panax species. Eight primer sets (PgSSR07, PgSSR08, PgSSR09, PgSSR17, PgSSR37, PgSSR40, PgSSR51, and PgSSR53) showing polymorphism were used for phylogenetic relationship analysis. Consequently, six Korean ginseng cultivars (Chunpoong, Yunpoong, Gopoong, Gumpoong, Jakyung, and Hwangsook), P. quinquefolius, and P. notoginseng could be identified using the combination of SSR markers discovered.

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• Investigation of Morphological Characteristics and Genetic Diversity of Adenophora triphylla (Thunb.) A. DC. Using SSR Markers
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• Development of Whole Genome Sequence-based Novel SSR Markers in Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.)
  Mok Hur, Yurry Um, Yi Lee, Yoon Jeong Lee, Sung Cheol Koo, Woo Tae Park, Jang Hoon Kim, Yun Chan Huh, Youn Ho Moon
  Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science.2021; 29(6): 418.     CrossRef
• De novo assembly and Transcriptome characterization of an endemic species of Vietnam, Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv., including the development of EST-SSR markers for population genetics
  Dinh Duy Vu, Syed Noor Muhammad Shah, Mai Phuong Pham, Van Thang Bui, Minh Tam Nguyen, Thi Phuong Trang Nguyen
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• Genetic Diversity of Angelica gigas Nakai Collected in Korea using Genome-Wide SSR Markers
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• Whole genome re-sequencing and development of SSR markers in oriental melon
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In order to estimate genetic diversity of Korean rice landraces, rice characters and SSR markers of 76 rice germplasms were analyzed. Of 12 rice characters, amylose content (AC) showed as largest variance (4.9 to 28.9%), whereas grain length (GL) showed as the lowest variance (4.4 to 5.9 mm). In principal component analyses (PCA), the first principal component explained 60.3% of total variance, in which culm length (CL) and growth period (GP) showed as positive variance and AC showed as negative variance. The second principal component explained an additional 22.4% of the total variance, in which GP and AC showed highly positive variables and CL showed a negative variable. Forty nine SSR markers produced a total of 473 alleles with an average of 9.65 alleles. Polymorphism information content (PIC) was in the range of 0.11 to 0.93. Average observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.12 to 0.39, with an average value of 0.61. As a result of STRUCTURE analysis, 76 Korean rice landraces showed two subpopulations. In clustering analysis, rice characters and SSR markers were clustered into four groups and three groups, respectively. However, they were not significant different from each other. These results provided insight into the characteristics of Korean rice landraces, thus improving our knowledge on rice breeding.

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• Physio-biochemical and molecular characterization for drought tolerance in rice genotypes at early seedling stage
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The allelic variations at the Rht-1, Vrn-1 and Ppd-1 of 410 Korean wheat cultivars, including 111 Korean experimental lines, 238 Korean landraces and 61 North Korean collections, were investigated to provide the information of plant height and heading date and to elucidate the relationship between those traits and allelic variation of these genes because earliness is major consideration in Korean wheat production. All Korean wheats displayed vrn-A1 and Ppd-A1b alleles, while Rht-B1a, Rht-D1a, vrn-B1, Vrn-D1, Ppd-B1b and Ppd-D1a alleles were also predominantly found. Most Korean wheats carried both Rht-B1a and Rht-D1a alleles, both vrn-B1 and Vrn-D1 alleles, or both Ppd-B1b and Ppd-D1a alleles. The Rht-B1a, vrn-D1, Ppd-B1b and Ppd-D1b alleles were found to exhibit longer culm and spike length than their counterpart alleles. The Rht-B1a allele also showed longer spike length than Rht-B1b. Vrn-B1b and vrn-D1 alleles exhibited longer days to heading date than their counterpart alleles at the Vrn-B1 and Vrn-D1 loci. Lines carrying both Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b alleles displayed shorter culm and longer spike length and days to heading date than any other combination of alleles at the Rht-B1 and Rht-D1 loci. In contrast, lines carrying both Ppd-B1b and Ppd-D1b alleles exhibited longer culm and spike length than any other combination of alleles at the Ppd-B1 and Ppd-D1 loci.

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• АЛМАТЫ ОБЛЫСЫ ЖАҒДАЙЫНДА ЖАЗДЫҚ ЖҰМСАҚ БИДАЙ ГЕНОТИПТЕРІНІҢ АБИОТИКАЛЫҚ СТРЕСС – ҚҰРҒАҚШЫЛЫҚҚА ЖӘНЕ БИОТИКАЛЫҚ СТРЕСС – ҚОҢЫР ТАТ (PUCCINIA RECONDITA) АУРУЫНА ТӨЗІМДІЛІГІН ФИТОПАТОЛОГИЯЛЫҚ БАҒАЛАУ
  Женис Кеишилов, Алма Кохметова, Ерлан Дутбаев, Мадина Кумарбаева, Фахим Шехзад Балоч
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  PLOS One.2025; 20(4): e0322306.     CrossRef
• Genotypic Variation and Phenotypic Clustering of 515 Korean Wheat Germplasm Based on Agronomic and Grain Traits
  Seon Suk Kim, Sumin Hong, Myoung-Goo Choi, Chang-Hyun Choi, Chon-Sik Kang, Kyeong-Min Kim, Chul Soo Park
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• QTL Mapping for Heading Date and Yield-Related Traits in a Doubled Haploid Population Derived from Two Korean Wheat Cultivars
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• Diversity of Ppd-1 genotypes of spring and winter bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) of Ukraine
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A novel allele of the putative soybean raffinose synthase gene, RS2, was discovered in PI200508 that is associated with the low raffinose and stachyose content. Soybean line PI200508 was identified as expressing reduced levels of raffinose and stachyose as well as elevated levels of sucrose. The RS2 mutant gene shows three base pairs InDel with the normal gene. Based on InDel region we developed novel co-dominant and dominant marker. The aim of this study was to develop Korean soybean cultivars, Daewon, Cheongja, and Danmiput, containing low levels of raffinose and stachyose. A specific markers assay for the PI200508 RS2 allele was developed to allow direct selection of the low raffinose and stachyose phenotype. Our findings highlight the efficiency of allele-specific markers in selection, which is evident in the matching genotype and results of the HPLC in the F₂ generations of Daewon×PI200508 population.

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• Breeding a black soybean line with green cotyledon free from lectin, KTI, P34, lipoxygenase, and stachyose
  Sarath Ly, Byeong Eon Park, Sang In Shim, Min Chul Kim, Jin Young Moon, Jong Il Chung
  Euphytica.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Breeding of Penta Null Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] for Five Antinutritional and Allergenic Components of Lipoxygenase, KTI, Lectin, 7S α′ Subunit, and Stachyose
  Sang Woo Choi, Sarath Ly, Jeong Hwan Lee, Hyeon Su Oh, Se Yeong Kim, Na Hyeon Kim, Jong II Chung
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• Development of near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy calibration for sugar content in ground soybean seed using Perten DA7250 analyzer
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• Effect of a mutation in Raffinose Synthase 2 (GmRS2 ) on soybean quality traits
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Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an ancient oil seed crop that has been referred to as the ‘queen of oilseeds’ by virtue of its high quality oil. Fourteen simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to differentiate 70 sesame (Sesame indicum L) accessions. Forty-three of the accessions were from Korea and 27 were from China. An initial round of analysis using two SSR markers (GBssr-sa-005 and GBssr-sa-182) identified 21 distinct accessions. A second round of analysis using one additional SSR marker (GBssr-sa-108) identified 25 more distinct accessions. Addition of a fourth SSR marker (GBssr-sa-184) for a third round of analysis identified an additional 20 accessions. This study demonstrates differentiation between 43 accessions from Korea and 23 accessions from China by four SSR markers.

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  Shankarappa Varalakshmi, Smrutishree Sahoo, Narendra Kumar Singh, Navneet Pareek, Priya Garkoti, Velmurugan Senthilkumar, Shruti Kashyap, Jai Prakash Jaiswal, Sherry Rachel Jacob, Amol N. Nankar
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