Milk thistle (Silybum marianum Gaertn.) is a well-known medicinal plant which has been used for more than 2,000 years around the world. It produces silymarin, which cures the liver from hepatitis and toxin damages. In this study, a selfed and purified breeding line of the milk thistle from the Korean environment was used as a source of chloroplast genome construction. It showed high concentration of silybin B (3.50 mg/g) in its dried seeds. The complete chloroplast genome of S. marianum acc. ‘912036’ is 152,556 bp in length and G+C content is 37.69%. A total of 87 protein coding genes with 104 exons were annotated. Chloroplast genomes of five accessions from different countries were compared with that of ‘912036’, and no sequence polymorphism among them was identified. Thus, the chloroplast genome from this study can be used to develop S. marianum-specific DNA markers when compared with other diverse S. marianum accessions and Asteraceae species.

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• The genetics and genomics of milk thistle: unlocking its therapeutic potential through modern breeding and biotechnological innovations
  Priskila Tolangi, Jeehyoung Shim, Raña Mae Sumabat, Sunghan Kim, Hyun-Seung Park, Kyung Do Kim, Hyun Uk Kim, Sanghyun Lee, Joong Hyoun Chin
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• Analysis of silybin A and silybin B in different accessions of Silybum marianum seeds
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• Agricultural phenotype and silymarin content variations of cultivated milk thistle in Korea
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• A Genomic Evaluation of Six Selected Inbred Lines of the Naturalized Plants of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.) in Korea
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  Plants.2023; 12(14): 2702.     CrossRef
• The complete chloroplast genome of Elephantopus scaber L. (Vernonioideae, Asteraceae), a useful ethnomedicinal plant in asia
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• Assembly and Comparative Analysis of Complete Mitogenome of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertner
  Jeongwoo Lee, Yedomon Ange Bovys Zoclanclounon, Hwajin Jung, Taeho Lee, Jeonggu Kim, Guhwang Park, Keunpyo Lee, Kwanghoon An, Jeehyoung Shim, Joonghyoun Chin, Suyoung Hong
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Vicia amurensis is a perennial plant found in Northern China, Japan, and Korea that plays an important role in sustainable agricultural practices due to its ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen in a symbiotic association with rhizobia. 454 sequencing technology was used to sequence the V. amurensis transcriptome which yielded 26.41 Mb from 71,197 reads as a result of 24,959 valid singletons. In addition, 1743 contigs, with the largest contig size being 3534, and 26,702 unigenes were detected. The contig distributions in three non-mutually exclusive Gene Ontology classifications and clusters of orthologous gene classes showed that differentially expressed genes were generally overrepresented in general function and prediction alone (176, 14.47%), and posttranslational modifications, protein turnover, chaperones (162, 13.32%). In total, 12,656 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) types were detected; these variants contained 10,585 SNPs, 1513 indels and 558 variants involving more than one nucleotide. The 2383 SNP types with high confidence differences were identified. The present study provides invaluable information on the functional genomic resources and future biological research on V. amurensis. The SNPs identified in this study will provide a material basis for future mapping and marker-assisted breeding analyses.

Tomato was considered as one of the most widely cultivated vegetable crops in the world. Tomato plant has high antioxidant capacity which can be attributed to the high levels of carotenoids, phenols, vitamins C and E. However, most of tomato plants have been discarded as waste after fruit harvesting. In order to identify genetic resources with high antioxidant level for use in food or as feed additives, we investigated the ABTS, DPPH antioxidant activity and polyphenol content in tomato leaves and stems. A total of 112 tomato accessions were classified into three groups by latitude of their collected countries: 30°~60° North (50 accessions), 0°~30° North (40 accessions), and 0°~30° South (22 accessions). Stem and leaf extracts showed wide variation in ABTS antioxidant activity ranging from 1.6 ± 1.0 to 48.4 ± 6.1 μg Trolox mg⁻¹ dw. The antioxidant activity of DPPH was in the range of 6.3 ± 0.2 to 40.0 ± 0.3 μg ASC mg⁻¹ dw. Total polyphenol content ranged from 6.1 ± 0.2 to 38.9 ± 0.7 μg GAE mg⁻¹ dw. ABTS, DPPH antioxidant activities and polyphenol content in accessions from 30°~60°N latitude were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those from 0°~30°N latitude. ABTS values showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.700**) with DPPH activity. IT100506 (KOR) and 702959 (UKR) were recommended as potential sources of natural antioxidants due to their highest antioxidant activity among accessions. This study will provide valuable information for tomato breeders in developing and producing functional food or feed additives resources.

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