Induced defense responses are regulated through a network of signal transduction pathways. Major signal transduction pathways in plants include salicylic acid (SA)- and jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated signaling pathways. In this study, we attempted to identify potential resistance mechanisms/pathways in Vitis flexuosa and the interaction between resistance and resistance related genes of V. flexuosa and several pathogens. To accomplish this, we investigated transcriptional expression of genes in the SA- and JA-mediated pathway and in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in V. flexuosa that had been infected by Elsinoë ampelina, Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum acutatum, Erysiphe necator, and Rhizobium vitis using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that R and R-related genes in V. flexuosa induced defense responses through expression of genes in SA-pathway rather than in the JA-pathway, and R-related genes were more closely correlated with lignin and phytoalexin biosynthesis than anthocyanin biosynthesis against different pathogen infections in V. flexuosa. Specifically, genes such as VfRLK586, VfRLK2422, VfRLK5099, VfRLK29610, VfRLK55257, VfRPS5-like4135, VfRPS5-like4832, VfRPS5-like20585, VfRPS5-like55532, VfEDL2, VfEDL3, VfCXE5585, VfCXE12827, and VfCXE13132 showed close correlation with induction of genes in the SA-mediated pathway, lignin, phytoalexin, and anthocyanin biosynthesis. Genes including VfRLK2422, VfRLK5099, VfRLK29610, VfRPS5-like55532, VfEDL3, and VfCXE12827 were also correlated with the JA-mediated signaling pathway in induction of defense responses.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  

• Mining of differentially expressed genes from Korean wild grapes responding to grapevine leaf rust pathogen (Phakopsora euvitis) infection
  Zar Le Myint, Srinivasan Ramalingam, Soon Young Ahn, Hae Keun Yun
  Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology.2024; 65(4): 607.     CrossRef
• Induction of defense responses related to scavenging reactive oxygen species in Ampelopsis species inoculated with Rhizobium vitis
  Hae In Lee, Zar Le Myint, Soon Young Ahn, Seung Heui Kim, Hae Keun Yun
  Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology.2023; 64(4): 655.     CrossRef
• Anatomical and biochemical changes in leaves of Vitis labrusca L. cv. Niagara Rosada in response to infection by Elsinoë ampelina Shear
  Zélia Valente Braga, Larissa Fernanda Muniz, Gislene Roberta Manarim, Claudio Lima de Aguiar, Beatriz Appezzato-da-Glória
  Brazilian Journal of Botany.2021; 44(1): 187.     CrossRef
• Identification and functional characterisation of an allene oxide synthase from grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. Sauvignon blanc)
  Walftor Dumin, Michael Rostas, Christopher Winefield
  Molecular Biology Reports.2018; 45(3): 263.     CrossRef

Glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes from transcripts of Vitis flexuosa leaves infected with Elsinoe ampelina were characterized and analyzed for their expression using primers based on specific regions. Comparison of deduced amino acid sequences from GST transcripts of V. flexuosa showed that the score of the deduced amino acid identity ranged from 43.38% (VfGST26625 and VfGST774) to 6.67% (Vf GST13892 and Vf GST774). Primary and secondary structure analysis was performed using the ProtParam and Self-Optimized Prediction Method with Alignment software. A phylogenetic tree was constructed from the GST proteins by the neighbor joining method using MEGA 6.0 to investigate the relationship among Vf GST, VvGST, and At GST proteins. To evaluate the differential expression pattern of GST genes by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), primers specific to unique regions in each gene were obtained by alignment of the sequences. Real-time PCR revealed that GST genes were expressed differentially in the leaves of V. flexuosa infected with Botrytis cinerea, E. ampelina, and Rhizobium vitis. The expression of VfGST26625 was up-regulated, while that of others were down-regulated among five GSTs in all grapevine leaves inoculated with each pathogen. The results provided herein improve our understanding of defense responses to various pathogen attacks in grapevines.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  

• Low-voltage electrostatic field enhances anthracnose resistance and delays quality deterioration in postharvest persimmon via jasmonic acid-mediated defense activation
  Lili Ma, Jinhua Zuo, Yunxiang Wang, Jiejie Tao, Shiyu Liu, Yiting Ren, Xinyi Feng, Tianyu Li, Hua Chen, Caie Wu, Yanyan Zheng
  Postharvest Biology and Technology.2026; 237: 114315.     CrossRef
• Dynamic transcriptomic responses reveal candidate defense genes against Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea and Potato mop-top virus infection
  Samodya K. Jayasinghe, Natalia Moroz, Stephen P. Ficklin, Kiwamu Tanaka
  Frontiers in Plant Science.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Genetic dissection of storage pest resistance against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) in wheat backcross introgression lines (BILs)
  Pooja Rani, Abhishek Pandey, Guru PN, Beant Singh, Palvi Malik, Deepika Narang, Achla Sharma, Parveen Chhuneja, Tanu Sri, Neha Gupta, Dhanashree Mhatre, Satinder Kaur
  Journal of Stored Products Research.2026; 116: 102986.     CrossRef
• Screening of commercial guava (Psidium guajava L.) varieties against anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and evaluation of related biochemical characters of varieties
  Taranpreet Kaur, Nirmaljit Kaur, Navita Ghai, N. K. Arora, Anita Arora, Kirandeep Kaur Kang, Madhu Dhingra
  Indian Phytopathology.2025; 78(1): 105.     CrossRef
• Glutathione Pathways and Gene Networks: Central Players in Crop Adaptation to Environmental Stresses
  Aparupa Bose Mazumdar, Sharmila Chattopadhyay
  Plant Growth Regulation.2025; 105(6): 1927.     CrossRef
• Expression pattern of the poplar GSTU family members in response to Alternaria alternate and PdbGSTU10 confers A. alternate resistance to Populus davidiana × P. bolleana
  Ying Huang, Tianxiang Cui, Xiaodong Wang, Yi Niu, Gang Han, Chao Wang
  Plant Science.2024; 346: 112170.     CrossRef
• Mechanistic insights to Paenibacillus lentimorbus mediated biocontrol of Alternaria solani in Solanum lycopersicum L. through carbohydrate reallocation and sweet immunity suppression
  Garima Gupta, Harshita Joshi, Shashank Kumar Mishra, Puneet Singh Chauhan
  Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology.2024; 134: 102403.     CrossRef
• Sulfur dioxide enhances postharvest grape resistance to Botrytis cinerea by promoting glutathione level
  Shijun Xing, Man Wang, Zheng Zhang, YuYao Yuan, Zunyang Song, Bin Wu, Jia Wei
  Scientia Horticulturae.2024; 334: 113295.     CrossRef
• Single-step genome-wide association study for susceptibility to Teratosphaeria nubilosa and precocity of vegetative phase change in Eucalyptus globulus
  Marianella Quezada, Facundo Matias Giorello, Cecilia Corina Da Silva, Ignacio Aguilar, Gustavo Balmelli
  Frontiers in Plant Science.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Comparative Transcriptomics Profiling of Perennial Ryegrass Infected with Wild Type or a ΔvelA Epichloë festucae Mutant Reveals Host Processes Underlying Mutualistic versus Antagonistic Interactions
  Mostafa Rahnama, Paul Maclean, Damien J. Fleetwood, Richard D. Johnson
  Journal of Fungi.2023; 9(2): 190.     CrossRef
• Current status and future prospects of grapevine anthracnose caused by Elsinoe ampelina: An important disease in humid grape‐growing regions
  Zhi Li, Ricardo Feliciano dos Santos, Linlin Gao, Pingping Chang, Xiping Wang
  Molecular Plant Pathology.2021; 22(8): 899.     CrossRef
• Transcriptomic dynamics changes related to anthocyanin accumulation in the fleshy roots of carmine radish (Raphanus sativus L.) characterized using RNA-Seq
  Xia Song, Jian Gao, Hua Peng
  PeerJ.2021; 9: e10978.     CrossRef
• The Resistance of Narrow-Leafed Lupin to Diaporthe toxica Is Based on the Rapid Activation of Defense Response Genes
  Michał Książkiewicz, Sandra Rychel-Bielska, Piotr Plewiński, Maria Nuc, Witold Irzykowski, Małgorzata Jędryczka, Paweł Krajewski
  International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2021; 22(2): 574.     CrossRef
• Vitis vinifera (grapevine) lncRNAs are potential regulators of response to necrotrophic fungus, Botrytis cinerea infection
  Garima Bhatia, Santosh Kumar Upadhyay, Kashmir Singh
  Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology.2020; 112: 101553.     CrossRef
• “Plant Glutathione S-transferases: An overview”
  Ingrid Hernández Estévez, Meilyn Rodríguez Hernández
  Plant Gene.2020; 23: 100233.     CrossRef
• Emergent Ascomycetes in Viticulture: An Interdisciplinary Overview
  Carlotta Pirrello, Chiara Mizzotti, Tiago C. Tomazetti, Monica Colombo, Paola Bettinelli, Daniele Prodorutti, Elisa Peressotti, Luca Zulini, Marco Stefanini, Gino Angeli, Simona Masiero, Leocir J. Welter, Ludger Hausmann, Silvia Vezzulli
  Frontiers in Plant Science.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
• De novo transcriptome sequencing of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) fleshy roots: analysis of major genes involved in the anthocyanin synthesis pathway
  Jian Gao, Wen-Bo Li, Hong-Fang Liu, Fa-Bo Chen
  BMC Molecular and Cell Biology.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Glutathione S-Transferase Enzymes in Plant-Pathogen Interactions
  Gábor Gullner, Tamas Komives, Lóránt Király, Peter Schröder
  Frontiers in Plant Science.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef

The differential expression of β-1,3-glucanase genes in the leaves of Vitis flexuosa induced by fungal and bacterial pathogen infections was investigated. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of β-1,3-glucanase genes from the transcripts of V. flexuosa were compared. The percentage similarity of deduced amino acid ranged from 22.0% between VfGlu34359 and VfGlu48103 to 96.9% in VvGlu2735 and VvGlu48103. To demonstrate the differential expression pattern of β-1,3-glucanase genes, primers specific to unique regions in each gene were obtained by alignment of the sequences. Accumulation patterns of β-1,3-glucanase mRNAs in the leaves of V. flexuosa were induced differentially and were dependent on the pathogens used including Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum acutatum, Elsinoe ampelina, and Rhizobium vitis. This study provides useful information that will improve our understanding of grapevine defense responses to various pathogen attacks.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  

• Genome-wide identification of the grapevine β-1,3-glucanase gene (VviBG) family and expression analysis under different stresses
  Ling Wang, Ruilong Li, Kaiwei Li, Ziyang Qu, Ruijin Zhou, Guilong Lu, Peng Li, Guirong Li
  BMC Plant Biology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The proteome of Penicillium expansum during infection of postharvest apple is revealed using Label-Free and Parallel Reaction Monitoring(PRM)Techniques
  Kaili Wang, Hua Wang, Meng Xu, Guillaume Legrand Ngolong Ngea, Hongyin Zhang
  Journal of Proteomics.2024; 298: 105142.     CrossRef
• β-Glucan and its nanocomposites in sustainable agriculture and environment: an overview of mechanisms and applications
  Somnath N. Chavanke, Suprasanna Penna, Sunil Govind Dalvi
  Environmental Science and Pollution Research.2022; 29(53): 80062.     CrossRef
• UV-C irradiation before or after inoculation with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides affected phytohormones and antioxidants in apple fruit (Malus domestica Borkh.)
  O. Phonyiam, H. Tomiyama, P. Opio, T. Saito, K. Ohkawa, H. Ohkawa, S. Kondo
  European Journal of Horticultural Science.2021; 86(6): 620.     CrossRef
• Current status and future prospects of grapevine anthracnose caused by Elsinoe ampelina: An important disease in humid grape‐growing regions
  Zhi Li, Ricardo Feliciano dos Santos, Linlin Gao, Pingping Chang, Xiping Wang
  Molecular Plant Pathology.2021; 22(8): 899.     CrossRef
• Emergent Ascomycetes in Viticulture: An Interdisciplinary Overview
  Carlotta Pirrello, Chiara Mizzotti, Tiago C. Tomazetti, Monica Colombo, Paola Bettinelli, Daniele Prodorutti, Elisa Peressotti, Luca Zulini, Marco Stefanini, Gino Angeli, Simona Masiero, Leocir J. Welter, Ludger Hausmann, Silvia Vezzulli
  Frontiers in Plant Science.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Pathogenesis-related genes as tools for discovering the response of onion defence system against Iris yellow spot virus infection
  Adel ElMorsi, Ahmed Abdelkhalek, Omar AlShehaby, Elsayed E. Hafez
  Botany.2015; 93(11): 735.     CrossRef

The differential expression of six basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) genes in response to low temperatures was studied by evaluating their mRNA levels in the buds and shoots of grapevines. Comparison of the amino acid sequences deduced from nucleotide sequences of the bHLH genes in Vitis labruscana transcripts revealed homologies ranging from 58.8% (VlCEbHLH1 and VlCEbHLH4) to 8.2% (VvbHLH and VlCEbHLH3). Specific primers from unique regions of genes were obtained by alignment of nucleotide sequences and used to evaluate differential expression patterns of bHLH genes. The accumulation patterns of bHLH mRNAs were induced differentially and dependent on the treated temperatures, −20°C in the buds and −2°C and 4°C in the shoots of ‘Campbell Early’ and ‘Muscat Baily A’ grapevines. The bHLH genes showed differential expression patterns in response to low temperatures. In ‘Campbell Early’, the expression of VlCEbHLH1, VlCEbHLH2, and VlCEbHLH5 was up-regulated, while VlCEbHLH3 was down-regulated in response to −20°C cold stress. In ‘Muscat Bailey A’, the expression of all genes was rapidly up-regulated, peaking at 6 h, then decreasing at 12 h after treatment.

Grape (Vitis spp.), which is an important economic fruit crop worldwide, is the fourth most common fruit produced in Korea. Low temperature is one of the most important environmental factors that affect the successful cultivation of grapes. To screen for specific expression of abiotic stress-related genes against cold treatment in ‘Campbell Early’ and ‘Muscat Bailey A’ grapevines, the expression of various defense-related genes was investigated by real-time PCR and semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Among 67 genes analyzed by real-time PCR and RT-PCR, 43 and 10 were found to be up-regulated, while 4 and 37 were down-regulated in low temperature treated ‘Campbell Early’ and ‘Muscat Baily A’ grapevines, respectively. Genes encoding cold induced protein (CIP), lipoxygenase (LOX), glutathione S-transferase (GST), polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP), and cold acclimation specific protein (CAS15A) were up-regulated, while those encoding cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (CAD2) and cold acclimation protein (WCS120) were down-regulated by low temperature treatment in both ‘Campbell Early’ and ‘Muscat Bailey A’. These changes in gene expression showed that defense response-related genes for cold acclimation were induced and wheat cold-specific gene decreased in grapevines. Among tested genes, the transcript levels of CLP, cell wall protein (CW), TIP, TLP, and WRKY transcription factor 10 (WRKY10) increased considerably in response to low temperature in ‘Campbell Early’ grapevine. These findings suggest that differentially expressed genes could be utilized as candidates for useful genetic resources and molecular markers after additional confirmation in various grapevine cultivars treated with low temperature in breeding programs for grapes with cold-tolerance.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  

• Changes in cold tolerance and biochemical responses to air temperature parameters: A case study of three commercial grapevine buds
  Gülhan Gülbasar Kandilli, Serkan Candar, Gökhan Söylemezoğlu
  Scientia Horticulturae.2025; 341: 113964.     CrossRef
• Evaluation of the dual role of chlorine dioxide as an antimicrobial agent and defense elicitor against Botrytis cinerea in grapevines
  Srinivasan Ramalingam, Soon Young Ahn, Zar Le Myint, Hee Young Jung, Seung Yeol Lee, Jung A Ryu, Sang-Min Lee, Hae Keun Yun
  Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology.2024; 65(6): 957.     CrossRef
• Profiling the lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA interaction network in the cold-resistant exercise period of grape (Vitis amurensis Rupr.)
  Weifeng Ma, Lijuan Ma, Zonghuan Ma, Wenfang Li, Shixiong Lu, Huimin Gou, Juan Mao, Baihong Chen
  Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• UV-C treatment elicits resistant responses against Botrytis cinerea infection and the improvement of fruit characteristics in grapevines
  Srinivasan Ramalingam, Zar Le Myint, Soon Young Ahn, Jung A. Ryu, Sang-min Lee, Hae Keun Yun
  Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology.2024; 65(4): 707.     CrossRef
• The polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein PpPGIP1, positively regulates vacuolar invertase activity via a protein-protein interaction with PpVIN2 in peach fruit
  Yingying Wei, Yihui Mao, Yinli Gao, Yi Chen, Jiachang Sun, Xingxing Wang, Shu Jiang, Feng Xu, Hongfei Wang, Xingfeng Shao
  Scientia Horticulturae.2023; 320: 112209.     CrossRef
• An overview of drought stress in grapevine
  Muhammad Abi Waqas, Amina Shahid, Fatima Rasool, Ahmar Bashir, Zarnain Raheem
  Journal of Horticultural Science & Technology.2021; : 128.     CrossRef
• Transcriptome analysis of grapevine shoots exposed to chilling temperature for four weeks
  Seon Ae Kim, Soon Young Ahn, Hae Keun Yun
  Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology.2016; 57(2): 161.     CrossRef
• Transcriptomic analysis of ‘Campbell Early’ and ‘Muscat Bailey A’ grapevine shoots exposed to freezing cold stress
  Seon Ae Kim, Hae Keun Yun
  Journal of Plant Biotechnology.2016; 43(2): 204.     CrossRef
• Current status and prospects of genomics and bioinformatics in grapes
  Youn Young Hur, Sung Min Jung, Hae Keun Yun
  Journal of Plant Biotechnology.2015; 42(4): 298.     CrossRef