In this study, molecular-genetic analyses were carried out to identify resistance to yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) in soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) samples. Yellow rust is one of the most destructive diseases of wheat worldwide, causing significant yield losses and posing a serious threat to global food security, particularly under changing climatic conditions. The disease is also highly prevalent in Central Asian countries, including Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, where wheat is a staple crop and ensuring stable production is of strategic importance. A total of 68 wheat genotypes were examined and genotyped using 42 highly polymorphic DNA markers. Based on the obtained phenotypic and genotypic data, association analysis was performed using the TASSEL and STRUCTURE programs. To identify genetic associations, GLM (General Linear Model) and MLM (Mixed Linear Model) statistical models were applied. The analysis revealed that the following markers showed significant and reliable associations with yellow rust resistance: Barc0187 (p=0.0040), Gwm340 (p=0.0043), Barc008 (p=0.0132), and Gwm111 (p=0.0147). These markers are recommended as reliable molecular indicators for identifying yellow rust-resistant genotypes and for improving marker-assisted selection (MAS) strategies in future wheat breeding programs.

Cultivation of the medicinal herb Panax ginseng Meyer began by domesticating wild mountain ginsengs several hundred years ago in Korea. Elucidating the diversity of the maternally inherited plastid genome (plastome) in diverse ginseng collections including wild ginsengs would provide valuable information on ginseng breeding and cultivation history. We sequenced and compared the plastomes of 44 ginseng accessions collected from various Northeast Asian countries. The plastomes revealed 18 polymorphic sites, including 11 SNPs and 7 InDels, which portrayed less diversity than in the most closely related species, P. quinquefolius. We developed 10 kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) markers and utilized them along with four previously developed InDel markers to characterize the genotypes of 203 ginseng accessions. Digital genotyping based on the developed KASP markers classified the accessions into 10 main and 2 branching haplotypes. Four InDel markers derived from different copy numbers of tandem repeats showed dynamic subgrouping within the haplotypes due to the occurrence of multi-alleles and reversible mutations. The digital haplotype genotyping (haplotyping) revealed that haplotype A, representing 60.1% of the accessions, might be the original plastome form without any SNP occurrence. Accumulation patterns of the variations suggest that nine main haplotypes (B-J) diverged independently by new SNP occurrences from the original plastome, and branching haplotypes may have derived from the first mutant lineage by additional SNP deposition. The digital haplotyping system based on plastome diversity deepens understanding of ginseng evolution and serves as a useful molecular breeding tool.

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• PCR-Based Molecular Authentication Method for Sources of Agrimoniae Herba via Comparative Analyses of Complete Chloroplast Genomes
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  International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(22): 11189.     CrossRef
• Development and authentication of Panax ginseng cv. Sunhong with high yield and multiple tolerance to heat damage, rusty roots and lodging
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• The current research progress of ginseng species: The cultivation and application
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Phytophthora sojae is a soil-borne oomycete that causes both pre- and post-emergence damping-off disease in soybean that are present in poorly drained soils. Phytophthora root and stem rot of soybean has become an emerging threat to soybean production in South Korea as soybean cultivation in paddy fields has increased recently. The cultivar Daewon was identified as a genetic source for resistance to P. sojae isolate 2457; moreover, a 573 kb resistance locus was previously mapped on chromosome 3 via linkage analysis using Daepung × Daewon recombinant inbred line (RIL) population. This study aimed to develop a gene-based molecular marker associated with P. sojae resistance using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at this locus. Three sets of single nucleotide amplified polymorphism (SNAP) markers were initially designed based on genic SNPs in the identified genomic region. Of these, the marker SNAP-Set2 successfully worked for allele-specific amplification for the respective Daepung and Daewon, as well as 20 RILs derived from crosses of the two cultivars. To validate this marker, 11 soybean germplasms were randomly selected and genotyped, which resulted in reliable allele-specific amplification that agreed with the 180 K Axiom^® SoyaSNP array data. Phenotypic evaluation of the 20 RILs and the 11 germplasms subsequently demonstrated that Daepung-type and Daewon-type for the SNAP-Set2 are both associated with susceptibility and resistance to P. sojae isolate 2457. The availability of a molecular marker linked to this resistance locus would expedite the use of this valuable resistance allele in soybean breeding programs for increased resistance to P. sojae.

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Soybean is an economically important leguminous seed crop for feed and food products that are rich in seed protein, oil and saccharides. Also, black soybean has been known as medicinal food. However, Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI) and lectin proteins are a main antinutritional factor in mature black soybean seed. The genetic removal of the KTI and lectin proteins will improve the nutritional value of black soybean seed. The
objective
of this research was to develop a new black soybean lines with double recessive allele for both KTI and lectin protein. A total of 179 F2 seeds were obtained from the cross of ‘Gaechuck#1’ (Le/Le, ti/ti genotype) and ‘LE-16’ (le/le, Ti/Ti genotype) parents. The segregation ratios for the presence or absence of KTI and lectin proteins in the F₂ seed generation were well fitted to an expected 3:1 ratio. The segregation ratios of 9:3:3:1 (113 Ti_Le_:28 Ti_lele:30 titiLe_:8 titilele) between Ti gene and Le gene in F₂ seed generation were observed (χ²=3.71, P=0.5–0.1). From eight F₂ seeds with double recessive allele (ti/ti, le/le genotype), one new strain (titilele, both KTI, and lectin protein free) was developed. New strain has black seed coat, black hilum and green cotyledon in mature seed and 100-seed weight was 19.5 g. This strain will be helpful in breeding program for selecting black soybean line with lacking both KTI and lectin protein.

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The allelic variations at the Rht-1, Vrn-1 and Ppd-1 of 410 Korean wheat cultivars, including 111 Korean experimental lines, 238 Korean landraces and 61 North Korean collections, were investigated to provide the information of plant height and heading date and to elucidate the relationship between those traits and allelic variation of these genes because earliness is major consideration in Korean wheat production. All Korean wheats displayed vrn-A1 and Ppd-A1b alleles, while Rht-B1a, Rht-D1a, vrn-B1, Vrn-D1, Ppd-B1b and Ppd-D1a alleles were also predominantly found. Most Korean wheats carried both Rht-B1a and Rht-D1a alleles, both vrn-B1 and Vrn-D1 alleles, or both Ppd-B1b and Ppd-D1a alleles. The Rht-B1a, vrn-D1, Ppd-B1b and Ppd-D1b alleles were found to exhibit longer culm and spike length than their counterpart alleles. The Rht-B1a allele also showed longer spike length than Rht-B1b. Vrn-B1b and vrn-D1 alleles exhibited longer days to heading date than their counterpart alleles at the Vrn-B1 and Vrn-D1 loci. Lines carrying both Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b alleles displayed shorter culm and longer spike length and days to heading date than any other combination of alleles at the Rht-B1 and Rht-D1 loci. In contrast, lines carrying both Ppd-B1b and Ppd-D1b alleles exhibited longer culm and spike length than any other combination of alleles at the Ppd-B1 and Ppd-D1 loci.

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• АЛМАТЫ ОБЛЫСЫ ЖАҒДАЙЫНДА ЖАЗДЫҚ ЖҰМСАҚ БИДАЙ ГЕНОТИПТЕРІНІҢ АБИОТИКАЛЫҚ СТРЕСС – ҚҰРҒАҚШЫЛЫҚҚА ЖӘНЕ БИОТИКАЛЫҚ СТРЕСС – ҚОҢЫР ТАТ (PUCCINIA RECONDITA) АУРУЫНА ТӨЗІМДІЛІГІН ФИТОПАТОЛОГИЯЛЫҚ БАҒАЛАУ
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Phenotypic variation within organisms is driven primarily by genetic diversity. However, there is a growing appreciation that epigenetic variation, resulting from a multitude of diverse chemical modifications to the DNA and chromatin, can have profound effects on phenotype. Heritable epigenetic marks persist through meiosis and can be stably transmitted to the next generation, resulting in transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. Importantly, when epigenetic changes occur near coding genes, affecting their transcriptional state, heritable epigenetic variation can result in heritable phenotypic variation. Large-scale interrogation of epigenome inheritance in Arabidopsis has revealed that spontaneous variation in DNA methylation occurs at a rate that is orders of magnitude greater than genetic mutation, indicating the key importance of epigenetic variation during evolution. Thus, there is a potential for epigenetics to play a role in crop improvement, including regulation of transgene expression and creation of novel epialleles. Here, we review cases of naturally occurring and genetically induced epialleles, and discuss how the studies from two epigenetic populations are rapidly increasing our understanding of epigenetic diversity.

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