Crop improvement is essential to attaining world food security and enhancing nutrition for human beings. Both conventional breeding and modern molecular breeding have contributed to increased crop production and quality. However, the time and resources for breeding practices have been limited. It takes a long time to bring a novel improved crop to the market, and the genetic sources from wild species cannot be always available for crops of our interests. Genome editing technology implemented molecular breeding can overcome those limitations of time and resource by facilitating the specific editing of plant genomes. However, there is a long-lasting argument about the safety of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). In this review, we briefly summarize the principle of genome editing tools, focusing on the CRISPR/Cas9 system and the application of these tools to plants in the service of crop engineering.
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The world population is projected to reach to 9.7 billion people by 2050. With increasing population and improving living standards, the demand for food is accelerating. In order to meet increasing demand for food while arable land and other resources are decreasing, agriculture needs all the tools available to sustainably increase crop yields. Development of effective genetically modified (GM) traits to protect crops from abiotic and biotic stressors is a critical aspect of sustainable yield improvement. Efficient identification of traits and rapid integration of the traits into commercial elite germplasm requires robust and rapid trait testing. Monsanto has developed numerous high-throughput phenotyping platforms to support rapid trait identification and integration. Selected phenotyping platforms will be reviewed to gain understanding of how they are utilized for trait phenotyping.
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Drought and salinity are the major environmental constrains in global agricultural production. Plant breeding for the drought and salt tolerance needs a proper assessment procedure to overcome stress constrain. Fundamental understanding on the physiological nature of the plant tolerance provides valuable information for the genetically modified crop’s development. Drought or salt stress induces several common physiological responses in plants such as water relation and photosynthetic capacitiy. It is because both stresses lead cellular dehydration in the plants, particularly, during the early phase of stress imposition. Drought and salinity decrease CO2 availability for photosynthesis via stomatal limitation as well as elevate leaf temperature due to partially closed stomata. In this scenario, stomatal regulation and plant water status are important aspects in abiotic stress environment. These physiological responses have a function to stabilize the temperature inside plant/leaf. Therefore phenotyping through an infra-red thermography (heat sensitive sensor), could be a useful tool in the selection of a tolerant genotypes. Infra-red thermography is a part of the electromagnetic spectrum which emits a certain amount of radiation as a function of their temperatures. In general, the plants which have less water, would have higher temperature and display more infra-red radiations. In abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity, plant water status is affected and varied from the sensitive to tolerant level. Infra-red images of plants are often linked with some of the physiological attributes to the tolerance. This review covers the limits, advantages, linkages, comparison and other prospectives of using thermal imagaes in modern phenotyping techniques.
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Tomato (
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The pear (
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Advances in plant molecular techniques have dramatically widened the applicability of gene identification and pyramiding valuable genes. This study was carried out to pyramid five resistance genes for biotic stress into the
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Soybean cyst [SCN,
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of this research was to evaluate these germplasm accessions for resistance to RKN and RN. The evaluation for RKN resistance was conducted in RKN infested field plantings after potatoes near Charleston, MO in 2006 and 2007. The evaluation for RN resistance was performed in a greenhouse at Fayetteville, AR, in 2007. Out of these accessions, 64 PIs were identified with high or moderate resistance to RKN. Of these 64 lines, 24 accessions showed good resistance to both RKN and RN. These new sources of resistance to multiple nematodes will be valuable materials for soybean breeding programs to develop new resistant cultivars that can overcome yield losses caused by one or more of these nematode species.
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We identified a
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Plant is frequently exposed to various abiotic stress. Salt stress is particularly an important abiotic stress that seriously affects plant growth and development.
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This study was carried out to evaluate effect of proton beam irradiation on M1 seed germination and seedling growth. For dosage effect, mature and healthy Supersami2 seeds were irradiated with 0, 204, 395, 502, and 700Gy. The traits for germination were not affected by dosage effect of proton beam irradiation. Germination rate evaluated at 7 days after imbibition ranged from 93.3% to 98.7%; germination vigor ranged from 59.3% to 68.7% where in the dose of 700Gy showed the lowest value of 59.3%. The average days of germination ranged from 1.36 to 1.48. The seedling growth was affected by the dosage. Withered rate (withered plants after germination) was increased as the dose increased. The withered rate of 53.9% was detected in 395Gy and no plant survived in 700Gy. In the ~400Gy treatment, the sensitivity of the traits of germination among Dianxi4, Jeogjinju, MS11(Maligaya Special 11), and Superjami2 was not different while the withered rate was different: 9.7% in MS11, 32.1% in Dianxi4, 53.9% in Superjami2, and 59.7% in Jeogjinju. Based on the germination rate and withered rate, it can be suggested that 350Gy to 450Gy is a starting point for applying proton beam irradiation to rice seed for mutation breeding.
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Through high throughput shotgun proteomics approach, the proteome of seedling leaf of
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