Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) were used in many previous studies for increasing plant growth and productivity. Some mechanisms were used to enhance the soil productivity such as mineral phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, biological nitrogen fixation, induced systemic resistance and indole acetic acid (IAA) production. Some of the related researches adopted the phosphate solubilization in organisms which was repressed in the presence of succinate resembling the phenomenon of catabolite repression. In addition, the sugar utilization pattern (monosaccharide, disaccharide, and trisaccharide), organisms showed the characteristics like slow and fast-growing rhizobia respectively. Whole-genome sequencing has been used for identifying unique genes in Fast-growing Rhizobia. Existing literature in PGPR studies has been considered and mechanisms for increasing plant growth and productivity have been identified. The review tries to analyse the mechanism of phosphate solubilization and sugar utilization in fast growing Rhizobia. On the contrary, repression due to various carbon sources such as succinate has been reported, leading to succinate mediated catabolite repression.
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The coffee value chain is a source of livelihood for millions of people across the world and yet the resilience of coffee is limited by the relatively narrow genetic base among commercial coffee cultivars. A study was conducted to determine genetic variation, heritability estimates and relationships among coffee genotypes in Zimbabwe. Quantitative morphological characteristics of twelve genotypes were recorded under field conditions. There were significant variations in coffee yield, plant height, stem girth, number of primary branches, number of bearing branches, internode length and leaf characteristics, with no significant variations in seed characteristics and number of nodes. Broad sense heritability estimates for the quantitative traits ranged from 0.03% to 91.4%, being highest for plant height, coffee yield, stem girth, leaf length and leaf area. The implications are that coffee yield and plant height are independent of significant environmental influences while seed, branching traits and leaf traits are influenced by the environment in their expression. Yield was significantly correlated to branches per plant, plant height, seed traits and stem girth. Clustering of genotypes was influenced by plant height, yield and stem girth. Overall, few traits were important in distinguishing coffee genotypes, implying narrow diversity. Hybridization, further introductions from other producer countries, coffee gene banks and/or introductions from the wild, and concerted germplasm conservation efforts are recommended.
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Grain yield in wheat is mostly governed prior to flowering during primordia development. Mature primordia development, floret fertility, and maximum grain number per spikelet are the three most important characteristics of spike development. The genes involved in primordia formation, on the other hand, have remained unclear. Here, we demonstrate molecular characterization of
Rice (
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Crown flower (Calotropis gigantea) as an herbaceous plant, is wildly recognized for its benefits as a medicinal plant. Phytochemical compounds which are contained in leaves, roots, and flowers of crown flower can be used as medicines. However, crown flower in Indonesia is still not optimal in their utilization. The study aimed to obtain the right concentration of growth regulators Benzyl Amino Purine and Indole Butyric Acid to stimulate optimal growth and secondary metabolites of crown flower. The study used a Completely Randomized Design arranged in a factorial design. The first factor was Benzyl Amino Purine and the second was Indole Butyric Acid. The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance with a 5% level test. The interaction of Benzyl Amino Purine and Indole Butyric Acid significantly increased the number of leaves and shoot emergence time. However, medium without Benzyl Amino Purine improved the percentage of root emergence by 100%, the number of roots by 17.2 roots, and plantlet height by 7.45 cm. Optimal concentration was obtained in 3 ppm Benzyl Amino Purine, which produced the high shoot and emergence time, as well as the number of shoots and leaves. Higher flavonoid contents were contained in cultured plants than in conventional cultivation. Optimal growth and phytochemical content give an opportunity to increase the production and the use of crown flower as medicinal plant.
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Drought tolerance is derived from complex quantitative traits that are associated with different shoot and root morphological characters. This study assessed the genetic and phenotypic variation of 12 maize inbred lines and performed association analysis of 11 drought-related traits using 360 simple sequence repeats (SSRs), detecting 1,604 alleles, with an average of 4.4 alleles per locus. The average values of gene diversity (GD) and polymorphism information content (PIC) were 0.648 and 0.598, respectively. In principal component analysis (PCA), shoot fresh weight (SFW), shoot dry weight (SDW), stem weight (SW), leaf weight (LW), root fresh weight (RFW), root dry weight (RDW), and leaf area (LA) traits contributed greatly to the PCA. Association analysis was performed using a general linear model with a Q-matrix (Q GLM) and a mixed linear model with Q and K-matrices (Q + K MLM). Twelve SSR markers for drought tolerance trait were detected by Q GLM, and all maize inbred lines were clearly divided into two groups in accordance with their drought tolerance. Duplicated significant marker-trait associations (SMTAs) between Q GLM and Q + K MLM identified eight marker-trait associations involving four SSR markers that were associated with the traits of SW, SFW, RFW, and RDW with a significant level of
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Powdery mildew (PM), caused by the biotrophic fungus
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Cold stress is one of the serious abiotic stresses for stable rice production especially in high-latitude temperate region and high-altitude tropical area. Improving cold tolerance at seedling stage led stable seedling growth with yield stability. In this study, QTLs for cold tolerance at seedling stage were identified using the 96 introgression lines (ILs) derived from an inter-specific cross between Hwaseong (
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