Osmotic stress is a kind of stress which is directly or indirectly related to all other abiotic stresses. Four rice varieties namely Binadhan-11 (with SUB1 gene), BRRI dhan52 (with SUB1 gene), Binadhan-7 and BRRI dhan71 were used to study the variation in root development and anti-oxidative response under osmotic stress conditions. Osmotic stress was induced by applying polyethylene glycol (4% PEG) in hydroponic solution. Treatment was given at the panicle initiation stage and leaf samples were collected at fourteen days after treatment to estimate antioxidant response in terms of ascorbate (APX) and peroxidase (POD) enzymatic activity. Roots were destructively harvested at 16 days after the stress imposition. The tested varieties showed significant differences in antioxidant responses under the stress condition such as high APX and POD in Binadhan-11 and BRRI dhan52. Significant injury at the 4^th leaf position (the youngest leaf was the reference) was observed at 8 and 12 days after the treatment. Number of live leaves, shoot dry weight, density of second order lateral roots, number of phytomer (Pr) and total roots, number of roots at Pr2, main axis diameter at Pr1, main axis length at Pr1 varied significantly among the varieties × treatment combinations. Binadhan-11 and BRRI dhan52 showed comparatively higher osmotic stress tolerance compared to the other two varieties without SUB1 gene, viz., Binadhan-7 and BRRI dhan71. The varieties BRRI dhan52, and Binadhan-11 showed greater capacity to withstand osmotic stress can be further used to develop stress tolerant variety.

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Rice is globally one of the most important cereal crops that faces osmotic stress under any kind of abiotic stresses. An experiment was conducted under controlled condition to study the effects of polyethylene glycol (PEG) induced osmotic stress on root and root hair morphology and associated biochemical traits in four morphologically diverse rice genotypes. Plants were grown hydroponically. Two treatments, 0% (control) and 5% PEG 6000 (w/v), were imposed on 38 days old plants for 17 days’ duration. Main root axis length at first three youngest root bearing phytomers (Pr1-Pr3) was increased in Binadhan-11 but decreased in Binadhan-7 and BRRI dhan 71 under 5% PEG treatment compared to control. This result indicated that Binadhan-11 increased new root length perhaps to explore stress free environment. Length of L-type first order lateral root was also significantly increased by 2.03 fold in Binadhan-11 under 5% PEG treatment compared to control. Density and length of root hairs were increased at first order lateral roots in Binadhan-11 under 5% PEG treatment compared to control treatment those contributed largely to root surface area. Measurements of H₂O₂ and MDA revealed that Binadhan-11 was less affected by the oxidative damage caused by PEG. Data provides insight into the root morphological plasticity of four morphologically diverse rice varieties under PEG-induced osmotic stress.

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Drought is one of the most important abiotic factors affecting wheat production and development of tolerant genotypes is limited by the lack of effective selection criteria. A genetic analysis of drought tolerance indices at seedling stage (i.e. root length, shoot length, root/shoot ratio and seedling dry weight) was performed for a seven-parent half diallel cross of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Egypt. The parents and their F₂ progenies were evaluated in the laboratory under osmotic stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) with five treatments (i.e. 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% PEG-6000). Grain yield per spike was also evaluated under drought stressed field conditions. The parent P₇ had maximum root and shoot lengths under stress conditions, highest root/shoot ratio under 20% PEG and higher grain yield per spike than the other parents suggesting that P₇ possessed stress tolerance genes. Grain yield/spike was significantly correlated with root length (r= 0.41, P<0.05) and seedling dry weight (r= 0.46, P<0.05) at 15% PEG. Both additive and non-additive gene effects were involved in the genetic control of all traits. Rather low to moderately narrow-sense heritability was obtained for root length (0.18 and 0.12) and shoot length (0.19 and 0.12) at 15 and 20% PEG, respectively; root/shoot ratio (0.15) and seedling dry weight (0.16) at 15% PEG. Moderate genetic advance was observed for root length (41.24%) and shoot length (29.96%) under stress conditions suggesting that selection could be practiced on both traits for improving drought tolerance in wheat breeding programs.

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