Gibberellins (GAs) are important hormones at every plant developmental stage including vegetative and reproductive. It is reported in many plant species that many dwarfism and male sterile mutants have defective GA biosynthesis genes. RNA interference (RNAi) technology can reduce expression of specific genes at the transcription level. Also, promoters can control the spatial and temporal expression of genes. Specific promoters containing the RNAi vector can control specific genes’ spatial and temporal expression at the transcriptional level. In this study, at first, five anther specific promoters were chosen and verified by examining their tissue specific expression using promoter::GUS transgenic analysis. RNAi vectors, which contain five anther specific promoters and one constitutive promoter fused to GA biosynthesis related genes, were constructed for controlling of GA biosynthesis in stem and floral tissue. OsAct1 promoter containing OsGA20ox1 and OsGA3ox2 RNAi T1 plants showed reduced gene expression and short plant height phenotype compare to wild type plant. OsGA20ox and OsGA3ox RNAi transformants also showed reduced fertility or sterile phenotype.

Male sterility is an important trait for crop breeding program based on heterosis. Recent advances in molecular researches have led to the identification of genes involved in plant reproductive development and understanding the molecular functions of rice male gametophyte including roles of phytohormones in reproduction process. Here, we review the genes required for key aspects of anther/pollen development and conventional methods for the production of hybrid seeds in rice. Finally, we discuss the molecular approaches for the generation of male-sterile lines through the regulation of phytohormonal biosynthesis in reproductive organs.

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Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a phenomenon specific to plant reproduction that has been extensively exploited for hybrid seed production. Orf456 was previously identified as a candidate gene mediating male sterility in pepper. To gain further insight of this candidate gene, we carried out experiments to transform Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L.). About 30 T₁ transgenic lines were obtained and approximately 50 % of T₁ transgenic Chinese cabbage lines showed male-sterility. To evaluate pollen viability, three different approaches including plasmolysis test, staining pollen and in vitro germination assay were used. Analysis of the CMS transgenic lines showed that trasgenic Chinese cabbages produced aberrant pollen development while some were unable to produce pollen. In conclusion, the mitochondrial orf456 gene could induce partial male sterility in transgenic Chinese cabbage. Nevertheless, how the orf456 gene precisely functions to induce male sterility and its biochemical function remains to be discovered.

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