The plants of the Papaveraceae family are used for ornamental purposes because of their varicolored flowers, and are known as medicinal crops. Some species of poppy are used in foods such as salads or sorbets, utilizing the seeds, leaves, pedicels, and petals. There are several morphological similarities among the species of this family, which make it difficult to distinguish the seeds of different species or identify opium poppies. The family is known to contain about 100 species. The leaves of Iceland poppy (Papaver nudicaule) cultivars with five different flower colors (white, yellow, pink, orange, and scarlet) were sequenced to obtain transcriptome data. Sequencing was done on plants in three different developmental growth stages (leaf rosette, branching and elongation of internodes, and blossom and seed formation). Systematic bioinformatics analysis was conducted to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) unique to the five Papaver nudicaule cultivars and two other Papaver species (Papaver rhoeas and Papaver somniferum). A 739-Mb reference transcriptome (94.6% BUSCO completeness score) from a 566-Gb RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) dataset was obtained. Likewise, 18 significant SNPs were identified to authenticate the three species and five cultivars of Papaver. This study will facilitate future Papaver research, including evaluation of the results for more detailed characterization.

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The production of chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is hindered by several biotic factors even though striding progresses were made in genetic improvement in the last two decades. Among the advancements were the fast-track genetic improvement of disease-resistant varieties by the use of marker-assisted selection (MAS) and the conventional breeding-based introgression of major resistance genes. Marker development, marker-based identification and fine mapping have revealed a large number of resistance genes, from which cloning of some candidate genes demonstrated the applicability and versatility of map-based cloning for disease resistance. In some of the recent fine mapping of disease resistance QTLs, closely linked DNA markers were identified, which in turn resulted in the rapid introgression of target gene(s) into breeding lines. Also, progresses were made on the characterization and map-based cloning of resistance genes conferring broad-spectrum resistance. As the number of identified and characterized resistance genes and the DNA markers linked to resistance genes are steadily generated, the development of multiple/durable resistance to major chili pepper diseases is accelerated by MAS. In the present review, the development of molecular markers, marker-based mapping of genes conferring resistance to ten major chili pepper diseases were discussed, focusing on the recent advancements in major and QTL-spanning resistance gene mapping. The review provides up-to-date insights into the development of DNA markers linked to disease resistance genes and the cloning of resistance genes, which are all so crucial in pepper breeding for disease resistance.

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