The allelic variations at the Rht-1, Vrn-1 and Ppd-1 of 410 Korean wheat cultivars, including 111 Korean experimental lines, 238 Korean landraces and 61 North Korean collections, were investigated to provide the information of plant height and heading date and to elucidate the relationship between those traits and allelic variation of these genes because earliness is major consideration in Korean wheat production. All Korean wheats displayed vrn-A1 and Ppd-A1b alleles, while Rht-B1a, Rht-D1a, vrn-B1, Vrn-D1, Ppd-B1b and Ppd-D1a alleles were also predominantly found. Most Korean wheats carried both Rht-B1a and Rht-D1a alleles, both vrn-B1 and Vrn-D1 alleles, or both Ppd-B1b and Ppd-D1a alleles. The Rht-B1a, vrn-D1, Ppd-B1b and Ppd-D1b alleles were found to exhibit longer culm and spike length than their counterpart alleles. The Rht-B1a allele also showed longer spike length than Rht-B1b. Vrn-B1b and vrn-D1 alleles exhibited longer days to heading date than their counterpart alleles at the Vrn-B1 and Vrn-D1 loci. Lines carrying both Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b alleles displayed shorter culm and longer spike length and days to heading date than any other combination of alleles at the Rht-B1 and Rht-D1 loci. In contrast, lines carrying both Ppd-B1b and Ppd-D1b alleles exhibited longer culm and spike length than any other combination of alleles at the Ppd-B1 and Ppd-D1 loci.

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Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) of wheat reduces grain yield and has deleterious effects on wheat flour quality. PHS resistance is strongly associated with grain color and seed dormancy. Resistance to PHS is a priority of wheat breeding program. We have studied a population of 122 Doubled Haploid (DH) lines from the cross between two cultivars, ‘Keumkang’ and ‘Olgeuru’, in order to detect QTLs correlated with PHS resistance. PHS was evaluated using mist spray in the humid chamber (PHS-MS), and the germination index (GI) was determined for two years. The variety ‘Keumkang’ has white grains and higher percentage of PHS rate (30.2%), while ‘Olgeuru’ has red grains and lower PHS rate (2.8%). There was significant difference in grain color according to the GI. PHS-MS was positively correlated with GI (r = 0.732, P < 0.001). Two molecular markers, Xbarc12 and Xgwm3, were found correlated with PHS resistance and GI. These markers were mapped on chromosomes 3A and 3D with LOD scores of 4.95 and 4.02, respectively. Xbarc12 explained the highest amount of phenotypic variation (R²) which is 11.99% in GI and 27.25% in PHS. Xgwm3 explained 9.10% of phenotypic variation in GI. The respective value of PHS-MS and GI in Korean wheat cultivars ranged from 1.37% to 86.75% and from 0.03 to 0.73. This study provides useful information for marker-assisted wheat breeding for PHS resistance improvement in Korea.

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