Cold stress is one of the serious abiotic stresses for stable rice production especially in high-latitude temperate region and high-altitude tropical area. Improving cold tolerance at seedling stage led stable seedling growth with yield stability. In this study, QTLs for cold tolerance at seedling stage were identified using the 96 introgression lines (ILs) derived from an inter-specific cross between Hwaseong (Oryza sativa) and Oryza rufipogon. Three QTLs were detected and the O. rufipogon alleles at two QTL (qCTS1 and qCTS12) improved cold tolerance in the Hwaseong genetic background whereas the O. rufipogon allele at qCTS10 on chromosome 10 decreased cold tolerance. Among these three QTLs, a major QTL qCTS12 explained 27.5% of phenotypic variation. Fine-mapping indicated that qCTS12 was different from those QTL reported in previous studies based on the map location suggesting that qCTS12 might be a new allele and is not associated with deleterious genes such fertility reduction. Among the 96 introgression lines, two lines, CR60 and CR61 were selected based on enhanced cold tolerance at seedling stage. qCTS12, therefore, provides a valuable allele for breeding rice with improved cold tolerance.

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• Stage-specific screening reveals differential resilience response to cold stress in rice
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• Genome-wide Association Study for Cold Tolerance at Seedling Stage Using a Core Collection of Korean Rice
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• Identification of QTLs Related to Plant Growth at Low Temperatures in the Seedling Stage of Tongil Type Rice after Transplanting
  Seong-Gyu Jang, Ji-Yoon Lee, Ju-Won Kang, Youngho Kwon, So-Myeong Lee, Sais-Beul Lee, Jun-Hyeon Cho, Dong-Soo Park, Jong-Hee Lee, Soon-Wook Kwon, Sumin Jo
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Maize (Zea mays L.) is a crop in a tropical region which resists growing under sensitive temperature. This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of Canadian maize inbred lines under controlled cold stress conditions (5°C, 10°C, and 23°C). Data were recorded by measuring germination rate, index, root length, and seed vigour index values. Five higher and three lower tolerant inbred lines were shortlisted. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance, while mean values were compared using Tukey’s Honest Significant Difference Test at α=0.05 and at α=0.01. Using Genstat software, correlation was done. A strong correlation (P<0.05) was found between germination rate and germination index under all stress conditions. Root length and vigour index were also strongly correlated with germination rate under 5°C stress condition and compared to 10°C and 23°C stress conditions. Our results suggested that five (CO439, CO438, CO450, CO435, and CO445) among 22 maize inbred lines performed better under 5°C cold stress condition and thus had the potential to develop maize hybrids to increase grain yield under environmentally stressful conditions in South Korea.

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• The Effect of Plasma-Activated Water on Zea mays L. Landraces Under Abiotic Stress
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• Genome-wide association mapping in maize: status and prospects
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A total of 23 elite rice cultivars from eight countries were evaluated for cold tolerance using two screening methods at Chuncheon Substation, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), Republic of Korea. The rice cultivars Jinbu, Mustaqillik, and Avangard showed cold tolerance and high spikelet fertility (63–79%) in cold-water irrigation screening. Under greenhouse screening, five cultivars (Giza 177, Avangard, Mustaqillik, Jinbu, and Jungan) showed high cold tolerance and high spikelet fertility (71–81%). Simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker analysis of 21 genotypes revealed two major clusters, the japonica and indica groups, with a genetic similarity of 0.69. Out of 21 rice cultivars, only four (Giza 178 from Egypt, Attey and Zakha from Bhutan, and Millin from Australia) fell under the indica cluster. The cold-tolerant varieties Jinbu, Mustaqillik, and Avangard were clustered with the japonica group, which had genetic similarity of 0.83. These varieties are considered as potential germplasm that will help diversify the japonica gene pool for cold-tolerant rice breeding. A one-way linear analysis of variance identified a significant relationship between individual alleles and traits. Three SSR markers were significantly associated with spikelet fertility under cold-water irrigation on chromosomes 1, 2, and 7. Five SSR markers were associated with spikelet fertility under a cool-environment greenhouse on chromosomes 8, 9, 10, and 12. The SSR markers associated with cold tolerance may also be useful as selection markers in indica/japonica cross combinations to improve cold tolerance.

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• Cold stress resilience in rice: genotypic variation, yield traits, and GGE biplot insights
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• Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of Rice Genotypes’ Tolerance to Cold Stress at the Seedling Stage
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Low-temperature stress is an important factor controlling the growth and development of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in temperate region. In this study, a molecular linkage map consisting of 136 SSR markers was employed to identify QTL associated with cold tolerance at the seedling stage. 80 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from an intersubspecific cross between Milyang23 (O. sativa ssp. Indica) and Hapcheonaengmi3, a japonica weedy rice and the parents were evaluated for leaf discoloration and SAPD value of seedlings. Rice plants were grown for 15 days in the low-temperature condition (13/20°C day/night) and the control condition (25/20°C day/night) in the growth chamber. The degree of leaf discoloration showed a highly significant correlation with the SPAD value in the low-temperature plot (r = −0.708, P < 0.0001). A total of four QTLs for SPAD were identified and the phenotypic variance explained by each QTL ranged from 5.4 to 16.0%. Two QTLs detected in the control condition were located on chromosomes 2 and 5, respectively. Two QTL on chromosomes 1 and 4 were detected at the low-temperature condition and Hapcheonaengmi3 alleles increased the SPAD values at these loci. Substitution mapping was conducted to delimit the position of qSPA-4 using introgression lines derived from the same cross. Results indicated that qSPA-4 was located in a 810-Kb region flanked by RM16333 and RM16368. The results indicated that Hapcheonaengmi3 contains QTL alleles that are likely to improve cold tolerance of Indica rice.

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