Cold stress is an emerging threat for rice production in Bangladesh particularly in Boro season (winter rice) at seedling stage. Cold stress during seedbed stage or early establishment stage at the main field induces severe seedling mortality that increases cost cultivation and delays crop establishment and ultimately entails into low yield. Development of sustainable cold tolerant high yielding rice varieties warrants an efficient and economic screening technique of germplasms and breeding population. The protocols for cold screening that so far have been used by the breeders and reported in literature are generally dependent on natural cool temperature and/or expensive climate chamber. In this paper, we report an in-house screening protocol that requires less than three weeks to complete the screening cycle and can be used all year round for mass screening of breeding population.

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Grape (Vitis spp.), which is an important economic fruit crop worldwide, is the fourth most common fruit produced in Korea. Low temperature is one of the most important environmental factors that affect the successful cultivation of grapes. To screen for specific expression of abiotic stress-related genes against cold treatment in ‘Campbell Early’ and ‘Muscat Bailey A’ grapevines, the expression of various defense-related genes was investigated by real-time PCR and semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Among 67 genes analyzed by real-time PCR and RT-PCR, 43 and 10 were found to be up-regulated, while 4 and 37 were down-regulated in low temperature treated ‘Campbell Early’ and ‘Muscat Baily A’ grapevines, respectively. Genes encoding cold induced protein (CIP), lipoxygenase (LOX), glutathione S-transferase (GST), polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP), and cold acclimation specific protein (CAS15A) were up-regulated, while those encoding cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (CAD2) and cold acclimation protein (WCS120) were down-regulated by low temperature treatment in both ‘Campbell Early’ and ‘Muscat Bailey A’. These changes in gene expression showed that defense response-related genes for cold acclimation were induced and wheat cold-specific gene decreased in grapevines. Among tested genes, the transcript levels of CLP, cell wall protein (CW), TIP, TLP, and WRKY transcription factor 10 (WRKY10) increased considerably in response to low temperature in ‘Campbell Early’ grapevine. These findings suggest that differentially expressed genes could be utilized as candidates for useful genetic resources and molecular markers after additional confirmation in various grapevine cultivars treated with low temperature in breeding programs for grapes with cold-tolerance.

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