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Genetic Purity Analysis Using Polymorphic SSR Markers in Rice Genotypes (Oryza sativa L.) and Their Confirmation for the Parental Lines
Plant Breed. Biotech. 2023;11:220-224
Published online September 1, 2023
© 2023 Korean Society of Breeding Science.

Afifuddin Latif Adiredjo*, Noer Rahmi Ardiarini, Damanhuri

Plant Breeding Laboratory, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia
Corresponding author: *Afifuddin Latif Adiredjo, al.adiredjo@ub.ac.id, Tel: +62-81213423516, Fax: +62-341-560011
These authors contributed equally to this study.
Received December 26, 2022; Revised July 12, 2023; Accepted August 2, 2023.
This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
The purity of seeds can be identified from the traits inherited from their parental lines. Hence, contamination may occur at the crossing step due to unshared similarities with their parents. This research aims to measure the genetic purity of several genotypes obtained from crosses between upland and lowland rice through the banding pattern differences among the genotype samples by using Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) markers. Taking the leaf samples was carried out at the experimental field, while the marker analysis was conducted in the Plant Biotechnology Laboratory. In this research, 8 (eight) genotypes obtained from crossing, comprising F1, F2, and BC1 along with 4 (four) of their parents from upland rice and lowland rice, were tested using 6 (six) drought-specific SSR primers of RM5, RM211, RM232, RM249, RM255, and RM258. The banding pattern of the electrophoresis results on the 12 rice genotypes showed clear, unsmeared quality. Based on the results of distance and genetic similarities, the 12 genotypes could be classified into 4 (four) clusters in the dendrogram. Cluster I consists of the Situ Bagendit and BC1 TWCH varieties, Cluster II the Towuti variety, Cluster III the Ciherang, Cibogo, F1 SBCH, F1 SBCB, and F1 TWCH varieties, and Cluster IV the F2 SBCH, F2 TWCH, F2 SBCB, and BC1 SBCH varieties.
Keywords : Genotype, Crossing, SSR markers, Rice
INTRODUCTION

Seed quality could be identified from its physical, physiological, and genetic aspects. In hybrid seeds, parental-inherited characteristics play a pivotal role in detecting seed purity. Seeds that do not share similar characteristics as their parents may lead to contamination during crossing (Hazmy et al. 2018). To check on the purity, one of the methods used is Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs). SSR markers have the advantages of high polymorphism and variability as well as codominance (Mulsanti et al. 2013). Since rice is a self-pollinated plant, its purity can be tested through analysis of differences in banding patterns as well as similarities and genetic distance between hybrid seeds and their parents.

Hence, the need to perform genetic purity tests in genotypes of F1, F2, and BC1 generations of the upland and lowland rice parents is expected to be used as one of the guidelines for the development of the next rice variety (Ardiarini et al. 2022).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Research activities were carried out both in the experimental field and the Plant Biotechnology Laboratory of Universitas Brawijaya in Indonesia. In this research, 8 (eight) genotypes obtained from crossings, which were F1, F2, and BC1 along with 4 (four) of their parents from upland rice and lowland rice, were tested using 6 (six) drought-specific SSR primers of RM5, RM211, RM232, RM249, RM255, and RM258.

Seedling trays, nameplates, manure, NPK fertilizer, and polybags were used for planting the samples. Next, the young rice leaves produced were isolated using the DNeasy Plant Mini Kit procedure. When the results of the DNA isolation were obtained, a qualitative test of rice quality was carried out. The next stage involved DNA amplification by PCR technique using the DreamTaq Green PCR Master Mix procedure. The results of the PCR were electrophoresed using agarose gel and EtBr for analysis to obtain the data in the form of DNA banding patterns.

Data analysis was performed based on visible DNA bands on the gel doc. Then, the value of Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) was calculated. The data that had been obtained were analyzed using the Power Marker software to create binary data and the NTSYS 2.1 software with the UPGMA method to create genetic similarity matrixes and genetic distance dendrograms.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

DNA quality test

The use of molecular markers in this research is to measure the genetic purity of seeds from the crossing of upland rice with that from lowland rice. The genetic purity of seeds can be determined by the genetic similarity and genetic distance shown by amplified DNA banding patterns. In this study, six drought-specific and high-yielding primers were used, namely RM5, RM211, RM232, RM249, RM255, and RM258.

Electrophoresis was performed after isolating the rice plant DNA. The success of the electrophoresis process is affected by the use of KIT and the purity of the DNA solution (Adriansyah et al. 2018). A contaminated solution may disrupt the process of primer attachment to the DNA. In this research, it could be seen that the obtained DNA electrophoresis results for the isolation are pure and uncontaminated.

In the amplification of the RM5 and RM211 primers, sample number 7 on the RM5 primer and sample number 12 on the RM211 primer did not form bands indicating that the used primers did not match with the target DNA and thus inhibited the doubling or amplification process during electrophoresis (Hazmy et al. 2018). Because the amplification process did not occur, a band pattern was not formed in the DNA sample.

Meanwhile, based on the analysis of the PIC value, the average PIC value of the six primers that were used is 0.3775. In this research, primer RM255 has a PIC value > 0.5 and it is therefore categorized as having a high PIC value. Four primers (RM5, RM211, RM232, and RM249) have moderate PIC values of 0.25 < PIC < 0.50 while one primer has a low PIC value of < 0.25 (Table 1).

Table 1 . Number of alleles and Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) value.

PrimerNumber of allelesPIC value
RM5110.3557
RM211110.3557
RM232120.3047
RM249120.4598
RM255190.5499
RM258120.2392
Average12.80.3775


However, the obtained PIC values are different from those in the previous research. In Rokhmah et al. (2014), RM258 had a PIC value of 0.375 and was categorized as a marker with a moderate level of polymorphism, whereas in this research, the same primer owns a PIC value of 0.239 and is thus considered to be at the low level of polymorphism. According to De Vicente and Fulton (2003), several factors like the number and frequency of occurrence of alleles in a sample of plant genotypes are believed to bring differential effects on the PIC value. The more alleles present, the higher the obtained PIC value is.

Seed genetic purity test through genetic similarity and genetic distance

The results of scoring on the DNA banding patterns in this study through the genetic similarity values and the genetic distance dendrogram were obtained, in which the former refers to the inverse of the formed latter (Bonato et al. 2006). Similarity and distance can be used to find the genetic purity, apart from the banding pattern differences and base pair. The result of genetic distance shows that the 12 genotypes could be divided into 4 (four) clusters in the dendrogram; Cluster I consisting of the Situ Bagendit and BC1 TWCH varieties; Cluster II the Towuti variety; Cluster III the Ciherang, Cibogo, F1 SBCH, F1 SBCB, and F1 TWCH varieties; and Cluster IV the F2 SBCH, F2 TWCH, F2 SBCB, and BC1 SBCH varieties (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. Genetic distance dendrogram.

Observed from the genetic distance and similarity coefficient, it is known that the F1 generation tends to resemble the lowland variety as the male parent as opposed to upland rice as the female parent. The F1 generation is the result of crossing the varieties of Situ Bagendit and Ciherang, Situ Bagendit and Cibogo, and Towuti and Ciherang (Adiredjo et al. 2019). This finding supports the one from the previous research (Hazmy et al. 2018) which shows the resemblance of the banding pattern in the F1 generation and that in the male parent. The resemblance reflects the dominance of one of the parents, which represents a true hybrid (Liu et al. 2015).

Based on genetic similarities (Table 2), F1 SBCH and F1 SBCB belonging to F1 generation genotypes possess genetic similarities with the same value of 1.00 despite having originated from different male parents. Nugroho et al. (2017) argue that individual plants having very close or the same genetic distances may be the products of inbreeding or crossing of close relatives, which results in the produced seeds having similar or even the same DNA. Rice is a self-pollinating crop; consequently, natural inbreeding often occurs (Warsono and Sukirman, 2010). Besides the occurrence of self-pollination, genetic similarity between two different individuals could also be caused by the mixing of seeds from the plants (Verma et al. 2017).

Table 2 . Similarity and genetic purity of each rice geno-type to its parents.

GenotypeGenetic similarityGenetic purity
Male parentFemale parent
F1 SBCH0.810.19Pure
F1 SBCB0.880.19Pure
F1 TWCH0.850.62Pure
F2 SBCH0.690.19Pure
F2 SBCB0.630.25Pure
F2 TWCB0.750.44Pure
BC1 SBCH0.380.63The female parent is more dominant or there is contamination
BC1 TWCB0.640.56Pure


For the F2 generation, the resulting band pattern has a lower similarity coefficient with the two parents compared to the F1 generation. This is contrary to Mendel’s first law for monohybrid crosses, in which the F2 generation will show different characteristics from the F1 generation but are more similar to their parents because of random segregation. F1 generated plants were later re-crossed with the upland rice parent as the restorer or recipient. Based on distance and genetic similarities, it can be seen that BC1 SBCH has a quite distant genetic similarity from its restorer parent, Situ Bagendit. This is inversely proportional to BC1 TWCB, which has close genetic similarities to its restorer parent (Towuti) and is even in the same cluster based on the dendrogram of genetic distance. This difference can be caused by the presence of segregation, thus making the inheritance of alleles and inherited traits still random among individuals (Balakrishnan et al. 2016).

Conclusion

From the results of genetic purity testing based on genetic similarity, the F1 and F2 seeds of all cross sets (SBCH, SBCB, and BC1 TWCB) could be regarded as pure seeds and did not show a mixture of other genetic traits. The BC1 SBCH seeds were detected to have a mixture of other genetic traits because of the very low genetic similarity of the male parent (Situ Bagendit).

The F1 SBCH and F1 SBCB generations had a genetic similarity of 1.00 because of having been produced by the same female parent (Situ Bagendit). In the F2 generation, all genotypes had lower genetic similarities compared to the F1 generation; thus, the resulting genetic distance was also further apart. The results of backcrossing F1 SBCH and F1 TWCB generations with restorer parents showed differences in genetic inheritance. Meanwhile, BC1 SBCH had a large genetic distance compared to BC1 TWCB, which is in the same cluster as its restorer parent.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors are grateful to DIKTI and LPPM UB of Universitas Brawijaya for providing great support and assistance in the research project. Gratitude is due to Elfita Rahma Aulia for her contribution to the research.

References
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